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Ephesians 3:18 : From lowest depth to highest height
1. Pastors
Ephesians 3:18 May be able to comprehend with all saints what is the breadth, and length, and depth, and height; [kjv]
… πλατος … μηκος …υψος …βαθος [gnt]
What are the four dimensions? They could be the following.
☐ Four aspects of same thing.
☐ Four corners of the world.
☐ Four compass points.
☐ Something else.
This verse by Paul in Ephesians has had many explanations as to his intended meaning.
I have heard pastors dismiss the verse without explanation, or that it cannot be explained.
Some say that in the following verse, Paul is referring to a four-dimensional hyperspace, or the four dimensions of God's love.
2. Ephesians 3:18 : From lowest depth to highest height
Ephesians 3:18 May be able to comprehend with all saints what is the breadth, and length, and depth, and height; [kjv]
… πλατος … μηκος …υψος …βαθος [gnt]
… latitudo … longitudo … sublimitas … profundum [v]
… breede… lengthe… hiynesse… depnesse… [wy]
Are there "
four" space dimensions? What is the difference between depth and height? Aristotle tried at length to verbalize the issues between abstract mathematics and observed reality in his works on
metaphysics.
The ancient Greek word
"πλατύς" ≈ "wide, flat" and is related to the English word
"flat".
3. Ephesians 3:18
KJV: May be able to comprehend with all saints what is the breadth, and length, and depth, and height;
Greek: εν αγαπη ερριζωμενοι και τεθεμελιωμενοι ινα εξισχυσητε καταλαβεσθαι συν πασιν τοις αγιοις τι το πλατος και μηκος και βαθος υψος και υψος βαθος
Latin: ut possitis conprehendere cum omnibus sanctis quae sit latitudo et longitudo et sublimitas et profundum
Wycliffe: moun comprehende with alle seyntis, which is the breede, and the lengthe, and the hiynesse, and the depnesse;
4. Metaphysics
The term "
metaphysics" comes from a later catalog process whereby his writings about these topics were placed after his works on physics and became known as "
metaphysics", literally, his works "
after physics".
5. Abstraction and reality
After stating the non-reality of points, lines, and planes, which is pretty clear, Aristotle tries to verbalize the concept of volume and the substance that exists in "
volume".
6. Substance
Aristotle writes in his Metaphysics [1029a]:
... For if this is not substance, it baffles us to say what else is. … But when length and breadth and depth are taken away we see nothing left unless there is something that is bounded by these…
Paul appears to alludes to some of Aristotle's writings in Ephesians.
Ephesians 3:18 May be able to comprehend with all saints what is the breadth, and length, and depth, and height; [kjv]
Paul says there is more. It is the love of Jesus.
The Greek word used by Aristotle for what is in the volume is
"ουσία" (u-SEE-a) ≈ "substance". The Greek word for "
substance" is part of the early Church history in coming to agreement (and disagreement) on the "
substance" of Christ.
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Details are left as a future topic.
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7. Ephesians 3:18
KJV: May be able to comprehend with all saints what is the breadth, and length, and depth, and height;
Greek: εν αγαπη ερριζωμενοι και τεθεμελιωμενοι ινα εξισχυσητε καταλαβεσθαι συν πασιν τοις αγιοις τι το πλατος και μηκος και βαθος υψος και υψος βαθος
8. Paul
Paul will not use the exact ancient Greek word
"ουσία" ≈ "substance" in Ephesians, but, like Philippians, will use the word within another word four times in Ephesians.
Ephesians 1:21 … principality, and power, and might, … [kjv]
… αρχης και εξουσιας και δυναμεως … [gnt]
2:2 Wherein in time past ye walked according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience: [kjv]
… εξουσιας … [gnt]
3:10 To the intent that now unto the principalities and powers in heavenly places might be known by the church the manifold wisdom of God, [kjv]
… εξουσιαις … [gnt]
6:12 For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, agains t the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places. [kjv]
… εξουσιας … [gnt]
9. Ephesians 1:21
KJV: Far above all principality, and power, and might, and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come:
Greek: υπερανω πασης αρχης και εξουσιας και δυναμεως και κυριοτητος και παντος ονοματος ονομαζομενου ου μονον εν τω αιωνι τουτω αλλα και εν τω μελλοντι
10. Ephesians 2:2
KJV: Wherein in time past ye walked according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience:
Greek: εν αις ποτε περιεπατησατε κατα τον αιωνα του κοσμου τουτου κατα τον αρχοντα της εξουσιας του αερος του πνευματος του νυν ενεργουντος εν τοις υιοις της απειθειας
11. Ephesians 3:10
KJV: To the intent that now unto the principalities and powers in heavenly places might be known by the church the manifold wisdom of God,
Greek: ινα γνωρισθη νυν ταις αρχαις και ταις εξουσιαις εν τοις επουρανιοις δια της εκκλησιας η πολυποικιλος σοφια του θεου
12. Ephesians 6:12
KJV: For we wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, agains t the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual wickedness in high places.
Greek: οτι ουκ εστιν ημιν η παλη προς αιμα και σαρκα αλλα προς τας αρχας προς τας εξουσιας προς τους κοσμοκρατορας του σκοτους του αιωνος τουτου προς τα πνευματικα της πονηριας εν τοις επουρανιοις
13. Strongs - authority
Strongs definitions:
- *G1849 *102 ἐξουσία (ex-oo-see'-ah) : from G1832 (in the sense of ability); privilege, i.e. (subjectively) force, capacity, competency, freedom, or (objectively) mastery (concretely, magistrate, superhuman, potentate, token of control), delegated influence:--authority, jurisdiction, liberty, power, right, strength.
- εξουσιαν *56
- Matthew 7:29 ... them as one having authority, and not as the scribes.
- Matthew 8:9 ... am a man under authority, having soldiers under ...
- Matthew 9:6 ... the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive ...
- Matthew 9:8 ... God, which had given such power unto men.
- Matthew 10:1 ... disciples, he gave them power against unclean spirits, to ...
- Matthew 21:23 ... By what authority doest thou these things? and who gave thee this authority?
- Mark 1:22 ... them as one that had authority, and not as the scribes.
- Mark 1:27 ... is this? for with authority commandeth he even the unclean ...
- Mark 2:10 ... the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive ...
- Mark 3:15 And to have power to heal sicknesses, and ...
- Mark 6:7 ... and gave them power over unclean spirits;
- Mark 11:28 ... By what authority doest thou these things? and who gave thee this authority to do these things?
- Mark 13:34 ... house, and gave authority to his servants, and ...
- Luke 4:6 ... unto him, All this power will I give thee, and ...
- Luke 5:24 ... the Son of man hath power upon earth to forgive ...
- Luke 7:8 ... a man set under authority, having under me ...
- Luke 9:1 ... them power and authority over all devils, ...
- Luke 10:19 Behold, I give unto you power to tread on serpents ...
- Luke 12:5 ... after he hath killed hath power to cast into hell; ...
- Luke 19:17 ... in a very little, have thou authority over ten cities.
- εξουσια *29
- Matthew 21:23 ... By what authority doest thou these things? and who gave thee this authority?
- Matthew 21:24 ... you by what authority I do these things.
- Matthew 21:27 ... you by what authority I do these things.
- Matthew 28:18 ... unto them, saying, All power is given unto me in ...
- Mark 11:28 ... By what authority doest thou these things? and who gave thee this authority to do these things?
- Mark 11:29 ... you by what authority I do these things.
- Mark 11:33 ... you by what authority I do these things.
- Luke 4:32 ... word was with power.
- Luke 4:36 ... is this! for with authority and power he commandeth ...
- Luke 20:2 ... by what authority doest thou these things? or who is he that gave thee this authority?
- Luke 20:8 ... you by what authority I do these things.
- Luke 20:20 ... unto the power and authority of the governor.
- Luke 22:53 ... your hour, and the power of darkness.
- Acts 1:7 ... hath put in his own power.
- Acts 5:4 ... not in thine own power? why hast thou conceived this ...
- Romans 13:1 ... be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of ...
- Romans 13:2 Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God: ...
- 1 Corinthians 8:9 But take heed lest by any means this liberty of yours become a stumblingblock ...
- 1 Corinthians 9:12 If others be partakers of this power over you, are not we rather? Nevertheless we have not used this power; but suffer ...
- 1 Corinthians 9:18 ... that I abuse not my power in the gospel.
- εξουσιας *12
- Luke 12:11 ... and unto magistrates, and powers, take ye no thought ...
- Luke 23:7 ... he belonged unto Herod's jurisdiction, he sent him to ...
- Acts 26:12 ... to Damascus with authority and commission from the chief priests,
- Acts 26:18 ... to light, and from the power of Satan unto God, ...
- 1 Corinthians 9:12 If others be partakers of this power over you, are not we rather? Nevertheless we have not used this power; but suffer ...
- 2 Corinthians 10:8 ... more of our authority, which the Lord hath given ...
- Ephesians 1:21 Far above all principality, and power, and might, and ...
- Ephesians 2:2 ... world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit that ...
- Ephesians 6:12 ... against principalities, against powers, agains t the rulers of the darkness ...
- Colossians 1:13 Who hath delivered us from the power of darkness, and hath translated ...
- Colossians 2:10 ... of all principality and power:
- Colossians 2:15 And having spoiled principalities and powers, he made a shew of them openly, triumphing over ...
- εξουσιαις *3
- Romans 13:1 ... be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of ...
- Ephesians 3:10 To the intent that now unto the principalities and powers in heavenly places might be known ...
- Titus 3:1 ... to be subject to principalities and powers, to obey magistrates, to be ready ...
- εξουσιαι
- Colossians 1:16 ... or principalities, or powers: all things were created by ...
- εξουσιων
- 1 Peter 3:22 ... of God; angels and authorities and powers being made subject unto him.
14. Usage - authority
*G1849 *102 ἐξουσία (ex-oo-see'-ah) : from G1832 (in the sense of ability); privilege, i.e. (subjectively) force, capacity, competency, freedom, or (objectively) mastery (concretely, magistrate, superhuman, potentate, token of control), delegated influence:--authority, jurisdiction, liberty, power, right, strength.
 |
Words: εξουσια=29 εξουσιαι εξουσιαις=3 εξουσιαν=56 εξουσιας=12 εξουσιων
|
15. Aristotle: Metaphysics
Aristotle continues.
English: But when length and breadth and depth are taken away we see nothing left unless there is something that is bounded by these; so that to those who consider the question thus matter alone must seem to be substance.
Greek: ἀλλὰ μὴν ἀφαιρουμένου μήκους καὶ πλάτους καὶ βάθους οὐδὲν ὁρῶμεν ὑπολειπόμενον, πλὴν εἴ τί ἐστι τὸ ὁριζόμενον ὑπὸ τούτων, ὥστε τὴν ὕλην ἀνάγκη φαίνεσθαι μόνην οὐσίαν οὕτω σκοπουμένοις. Aristotle: Metaphysics [1029a]
So when these dimensions are taken away, only what is bounded by these (abstract) limitations is there, matter which is substance.
Ephesians 3:18 May be able to comprehend with all saints what is the breadth, and length, and depth, and height; [kjv]
16. Love of Christ
Whenever Paul is writing to the Ephesians, or to Timothy (Bishop of Ephesus), he is speaking, in part, to a Greek culture filled with ideas of Aristotle and other philosophers. Paul tends to write to his intended audience.
So when Paul is writing about Christ and the love of Christ, he appears to be alluding to the ideas of Aristotle. The above is just one part that appears to be very relevant and expresses the ideas of Aristotle.
From Paul's point of view, there is something more than what is bounded (in reality) by length, breadth and depth. There is "height" - with all the allusions in verses before and after this verse.
17. Revelation 21:10 Dimensions
Revelation 21:10 And he carried me away in the spirit to a great and high mountain, and shewed me that great city, the holy Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God, [kjv]
… ορος … πολιν … [gnt]
In Aristotle, dimensions are provided with "
depth" as the third dimension rather than "
height".
In the Bible, such as in Revelation, in the new heaven and new earth, dimensions are given differently, using "
height", and this is used in many places.
A few verses later, the measurements are given.
18. Revelation 21:10
KJV: And he carried me away in the spirit to a great and high mountain, and shewed me that great city, the holy Jerusalem, descending out of heaven from God,
Greek: και απηνεγκεν με εν πνευματι επ επι ορος μεγα και υψηλον και εδειξεν μοι την πολιν την μεγαλην την αγιαν ιερουσαλημ καταβαινουσαν εκ του ουρανου απο του θεου
19. Revelation 21:16 Dimensions
20. Revelation 21:16
KJV: And the city lieth foursquare, and the length is as large as the breadth: and he measured the city with the reed, twelve thousand furlongs. The length and the breadth and the height of it are equal.
Greek: και η πολις τετραγωνος κειται και το μηκος αυτης τοσουτον εστιν οσον και το πλατος και εμετρησεν την πολιν τω καλαμω επι σταδιων δωδεκα χιλιαδων το μηκος και το πλατος και το υψος αυτης ισα εστιν
Latin: et civitas in quadro posita est et longitudo eius tanta est quanta et latitudo et mensus est civitatem de harundine per stadia duodecim milia longitudo et latitudo et altitudo eius aequalia sunt
Luther: Und die Stadt liegt viereckig, und ihre Länge ist so groß als die Breite. Und er maß die Stadt mit dem Rohr auf zwölftausend Feldwegs. Die Länge und die Breite und die Höhe der Stadt sind gleich.
21. Genesis 6:15 Height of the ark
Genesis 6:15 And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits. [kjv]
… μηκος … πλατος … υψος … [lxx]
… longitudo … latitudo … altitudo … [v]
… Länge… Weite … Höhe… [lu]
… longitud … anchura… altura… [es]
Interestingly, the Ark of Noah, designed to enter into a "
new " earth, also had dimensions of "
height".
The German word
"Weite" (vite) ≈ "wide, width" which sounds like the English "
white" (i.e., in South Africa) appears to be the source of the English term "
White Rhino" which, was not really "
white" but "
wide".
The Latin word
"altitudo" ≈ "height" and is the source of the English word "
altitude".
The Spanish word
"altura" ≈ "height".
22. Genesis 6:15
KJV: And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits.
Hebrew: וזה אשר תעשה אתה שלש מאות אמה ארך התבה חמשים אמה רחבה ושלשים אמה קומתה׃
Greek: και ουτως ποιησεις την κιβωτον τριακοσιων πηχεων το μηκος της κιβωτου και πεντηκοντα πηχεων το πλατος και τριακοντα πηχεων το υψος αυτης
Latin: et sic facies eam trecentorum cubitorum erit longitudo arcae quinquaginta cubitorum latitudo et triginta cubitorum altitudo illius
Luther: Und mache ihn also: Dreihundert Ellen sei die Länge, fünfzig Ellen die Weite und dreißig Ellen die Höhe.
Spanish: Y de esta manera la harás: De trescientos codos la longitud del arca, de cincuenta codos su anchura, y de treinta codos su altura.
23. Greek
24. Cartesian coordinates
Note that negative numbers in Europe did not come into use until the 1600's, though such numbers were sometimes used for direction (i.e., credits and debits in accounting).
René Descartes (French philosopher, mathematician and statistician) presented his "
Cartesian coordinates" using just nonnegative numbers.
25. Rooted and grounded
Ephesians 3:17 That Christ may dwell in your hearts by faith; that ye, being rooted and grounded in love, [kjv]
… [gnt]
… rootid … [wy]
… eingewurzelt … [lu]
… radicati … [v]
Note that the phrase translated "
rooted and grounded in love" is in verse 17 in one
GNT (Greek New Testament) version and in verse 18 in the other
GNT version.
The modern Greek word for rooted is based on the modern Greek word
"ρίζα" (REE-za) ≈ "root" which is cognate with the Latin word
"radix" ≈ "root" and the Latin word
"ramus" ≈ "branch" and the Old English word
"wyrt" ≈ "herb, plant".
26. Ephesians 3:17
KJV: That Christ may dwell in your hearts by faith; that ye, being rooted and grounded in love,
Greek: κατοικησαι τον χριστον δια της πιστεως εν ταις καρδιαις υμων εν αγαπη ερριζωμενοι και τεθεμελιωμενοι
Latin: habitare Christum per fidem in cordibus vestris in caritate radicati et fundati
Wycliffe: that Crist dwelle bi feith in youre hertis; that ye rootid and groundid in charite,
Luther: und Christum zu wohnen durch den Glauben in euren Herzen, und durch die Liebe eingewurzelt und gegründet zu werden,
27. Romans 11:16 Roots
Romans 11:16 For if the firstfruit be holy, the lump is also holy: and if the root be holy, so are the branches. [kjv]
… ριζα … κλαδοι [gnt]
… radix … rami [v]
… rote … braunches … [ty]
… waurts … astos… [got]
… Wurzel … Zweige … [lu]
28. Romans 11:16
KJV: For if the firstfruit be holy, the lump is also holy: and if the root be holy, so are the branches.
Greek: ει δε η απαρχη αγια και το φυραμα και ει η ριζα αγια και οι κλαδοι
Latin: quod si delibatio sancta est et massa et si radix sancta et rami
Wycliffe: For if a litil part of that that is tastid be hooli, the hool gobet is hooli; and if the roote is hooli, also the braunchis.
Tyndale: For yf one pece be holy the whole heepe is holy. And yf the rote be holy the braunches are holy also.
Gothic: thandei ufarskafts weiha, jah daigs, jah jabai waurts weiha, jah astos.
Luther: Ist der Anbruch heilig, so ist auch der Teig heilig, und so die Wurzel heilig ist, so sind auch die Zweige heilig.
29. Ephesians 3:19
Ephesians 3:19 And to know the love of Christ, which passeth knowledge, that ye might be filled with all the fulness of God. [kjv]
… υπερβαλλουσαν … γνωσεως … πληρωθητε … πληρωμα … [gnt]
30. Ephesians 3:19
KJV: And to know the love of Christ, which passeth knowledge, that ye might be filled with all the fulness of God.
Greek: γνωναι τε την υπερβαλλουσαν της γνωσεως αγαπην του χριστου ινα πληρωθητε εις παν το πληρωμα του θεου
31. Proverbs 25:2-3
Proverbs 25:2 It is the glory of God to conceal a thing: but the honour of kings is to search out a matter. [kjv]
25:3 The heaven for height, and the earth for depth, and the heart of kings is unsearchable. [kjv]
ουρανος υψηλος γη … βαθεια … [lxx]
Proverbs has a saying that applies to problem solving in general.
God conceals the nature of the universe.
Men try to reveal that nature of the universe.
What might the following mean?
"heaven" for "height"
"earth" for "depth"
"heart" as "unsearchable"
Can "
unsearchable" be equated with "
infinite"?
32. Proverbs 25:2
KJV: It is the glory of God to conceal a thing: but the honour of kings is to search out a matter.
Hebrew: כבד אלהים הסתר דבר וכבד מלכים חקר דבר׃
Greek: δοξα θεου κρυπτει λογον δοξα δε βασιλεως τιμα πραγματα
33. Proverbs 25:3
KJV: The heaven for height, and the earth for depth, and the heart of kings is unsearchable.
Hebrew: שמים לרום וארץ לעמק ולב מלכים אין חקר׃
Greek: ουρανος υψηλος γη δε βαθεια καρδια δε βασιλεως ανεξελεγκτος
34. Infinite things
Albert Einstein whose special and general relativity theories led to the idea of a four-dimensional universe had the following interesting quote about infinity.
Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the universe. Albert Einstein's (Physicist)
35. Isaiah 7:10-11 Isaiah and Ahaz
Isaiah 7:10 Moreover the LORD spake again unto Ahaz, saying, [kjv]
7:11 Ask thee a sign of the LORD thy God; ask it either in the depth, or in the height above. [kjv]
… σημειον … βαθος … υψος [lxx]
Isaiah has a message for King Ahaz and refers to both
"depth" and
"height". Ahaz does not want to use this opportunity.
The
"sign" can be in the
"depth" or the
"height" - the two extremes. This
"sign" is somewhat like a "
wish" that can be granted.
Note that the
"sign" or "
wish" needs to be in the
"depth" or the
"height above" and not a meta-wish or wish about a wish (as in "
I wish I could have three more wishes").
The
"sign" is a change in
10 steps or degrees of the sun, whatever that means. A change of
5 degrees in today's sun dials would amount to adding
5 days a year making the years before about
360 days rather than
365 days.
36. Isaiah 7:10
KJV: Moreover the LORD spake again unto Ahaz, saying,
Hebrew: ויוסף יהוה דבר אל אחז לאמר׃
Greek: και προσεθετο κυριος λαλησαι τω αχαζ λεγων
37. Isaiah 7:11
KJV: Ask thee a sign of the LORD thy God; ask it either in the depth, or in the height above.
Hebrew: שאל לך אות מעם יהוה אלהיך העמק שאלה או הגבה למעלה׃
Greek: αιτησαι σεαυτω σημειον παρα κυριου θεου σου εις βαθος η εις υψος
38. Romans 8: Battle cry separation for the love of Christ (part 2)
Romans 8:35 Who shall separate us from the love of Christ? shall tribulation, or distress, or persecution, or famine, or nakedness, or peril, or sword? [kjv]
… χωρισει … θλιψις … στενοχωρια … διωγμος … λιμος … γυμνοτης … κινδυνος … μαχαιρα [gnt]
You will hear pastors who may have not analyzed this verse (and what follows) claim with boldness that "
Nothing can separate us from the love of Christ". Not only is that claim misleading but it appears to be inaccurate.
This and following verses lists things, events, etc., that will
not separate us from the "
love of Christ". If these lists are not "
collectively exhaustive", then there are things that are not said here that
could separate us from the "
love of Christ". Paul will cover some of these in subsequent chapters.
39. Romans 8:39
Romans 8:39 Nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord. [kjv]
… υψωμα … βαθος … κτισις ετερα δυνησεται … χωρισαι … αγαπης … [gnt]
Here we see, in English, Paul's repetition of the idea of "
above" and "
below" using "
height" and "
depth".
The "
other" in Greek means "
different" as in "
other creature" that is a "
different creature". What type of "
creature" or "
creation" might this "
other creature" be?
40. Romans 8:39
KJV: Nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.
Greek: ουτε υψωμα ουτε βαθος ουτε τις κτισις ετερα δυνησεται ημας χωρισαι απο της αγαπης του θεου της εν χριστω ιησου τω κυριω ημων
41. Dimensions
Romans 8:39 Nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord. [kjv]
… ουτε … ουτε … [gnt]
nether heiyth, nether depnesse, nether noon othir creature may departe vs fro the charite of God, that is in`Crist Jhesu oure Lord. [wy]
Note the use of the not uncommon double negative by Wycliffe as the Middle English phrase
"nether noon" ≈ "neither none, neither no one" .
42. Value and representation
There is a difference between a value and a representation of a value.
The value is an abstract idea. A representation is a way to make the value (in reality) concrete.
Plato in his philosophy takes the position that the abstract is more "
real" than the concrete.
An abstract value has many possible concrete representations.
43. Geometry, dimensions and hyperspaces
Isaiah 34:4 And all the host of heaven shall be dissolved, and the heavens shall be rolled together as a scroll: and all their host shall fall down, as the leaf falleth off from the vine, and as a falling fig from the fig tree. [kjv]
… ελιγησεται … βιβλιον … αστρα πεσειται … φυλλα … πιπτει φυλλα … συκης [lxx]
Geometry is the study of space. Take a flat piece of paper that models a plane. To
roll it up, you need another
dimension. Another way to think about it is to "
fold" rather than
"roll".
There are many ways to represent dimensions. A dimension is a way of looking at something. Most people think of dimensions in geometry. Geometry is used here for a discussion on dimensions.
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