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Germanic g to English y
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1. Germanic g to English y
Many Germanic words with a hard "g" changed in English over time to a "y" sound. So German "Gestern" (yesterday) became English "yester-day". German "Gelb" (yellow) became English "yellow". German "garten" (garden) or Gothic "gardis" became English "yard".
2. Yule
The English word "yule" comes from the Old English "geol" where the "g" sound changed to a "y" over time. The "geol" was a pagan feast which corresponded to the Roman Saturnalia festivals during the Winter solstice of late December and into January as part of the 12 days of Yule or, later, the 12 days of Christmas.
3. Garden and yard
The German word "Garten" ≈ "garden" from which we get the word Kindergarten - literally garden of children where the German word "die Kinder" ≈ "the children".
4. Old English
Some of the "g" to "y" happened from Old to Middle to Modern Engilsh.
5. Matthew 22:40
   Matthew 22:40 
 All 
KJV: On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets.
Greek: εν ταυταις ταις δυσιν εντολαις ολος ο νομος κρεμαται και οι προφηται κρεμανται
Latin: in his duobus mandatis universa lex pendet et prophetae
Wessex: On þisen twam be-boden beoð ge-fyld eal sy lage.
Wycliffe: In these twey maundementis hangith al the lawe and the profetis.
Tyndale: In these two commaundemetes hange all the lawe and the Prophetes.
Luther: In diesen zweien Geboten hanget das ganze Gesetz und die Propheten.
6. Other examples
Here are some more examples.
7. Other examples
Here are some more examples where the "g" changed to "y" and then disappeared.
8. Holy
"ἁγνός" ≈ "pure, chaste, innocent" (rough breath) as in the English word "holy" which is from the Old English word "halig" ≈ "holy" and is related to the German word "heilig" ≈ "holy".
9. More examples
Here are some examples showing the change from "t" to/from "d".
10. Old English
The word "yoke" shows a change from hard "g" in Old English to softer "y" in modern English.
11. Old English
The word "many" shows a change from hard "g" in Old English to softer "y" in modern English.
12. Middle English
Here are some Middle English words showing the change from "y" to "g".
13. Matthew 26:27
   Matthew 26:27 
 All 
KJV: And he took the cup, and gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, Drink ye all of it;
Greek: και λαβων το ποτηριον και ευχαριστησας εδωκεν αυτοις λεγων πιετε εξ αυτου παντες
Latin: et accipiens calicem gratias egit et dedit illis dicens bibite ex hoc omnes
Wessex: Aend he genam þanne calic þanciende & sealde heom þus cweðende. Drinkað ealle of þisen.
Wycliffe: And he took the cuppe, and dide thankyngis, and yaf to hem,
Luther: Und er nahm den Kelch und dankete, gab ihnen den und sprach: Trinket alle daraus!
Russian: И, взяв чашу и благодарив, подал им и сказал: пейте из нее все,
14. Saga of a saw
The English word "saw" comes from two sources.

The Viking "saga" was a story.

From PIE (Proto Indo-European), the "sag" was something that cut.

In both cases, the Germanic "g" softened, in this case to a "w" that was not pronounced.

Thus, an "old saw" would be an "old saga" which would be an "old story" and not an old cutting tool.
15. Mutual influence
In many cases, when words have similar sounds, they tend to influence the meaning of the other word.

This happened in the English word "bliss" and the English word "bless".
Information sign More: Ignorance of agnostic lack of belief
16. End of page
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