Electrum is an alloy of gold and silver that was found in the early Greek coins of Croesus. Electrum had a yellowish white color. A similar word is used for "amber". The word "amber" is found 3 times in the LXX (Septuagint), all in the book of Ezekiel. In each case, the "amber" is used for its "color" (as translated) or for its "appearance" (from the Greek words used). In each case, the modern Greek word "ήλεκτρου" (EE-leh-ktru) ≈ "amber". The related modern Greek words are as follows.

• The modern Greek word "ηλεκτρόνιο" (ee-leh-KTRO-nee-o) ≈ "electron"
• The modern Greek word "ηλεκτρισμός" (ee-leh-ktree-SMOS) ≈ "electricity"

The Latin word "electri" ≈ "amber".

The modern Greek word "όραση" (O-ra-see) ≈ "vision, sight".

The modern Greek word "όρος" (O-ros) ≈ "mountain, definition, boundary" is the origin of the English word "horizon" through the Latin word "horizon" ≈ "horizon" and is related to the Greek word for vision or sight since the horizon is the boundary of what can be seen.

The ancient Greek word "όψις" (O-psees) ≈ "view" from which we get English words such as "optical", "optometry", etc.

What is "amber"? Amber is a yellow fossilized resin of evergreen trees. It was known to the Greeks that rubbing amber with a dry cloth produced what today is called static electricity. The ancient Greek term for "amber" was used to name the electricity, the electron, etc.

Electrons were named in 1600 by English scientist William Gilbert from the new Latin word "electrica" ≈ "amber".

Benjamin Franklin did scientific experiments with electricity, lightning, etc., in the 1700's.

His theory was essentially correct and he established the naming conventions for "negative" and "positive" charge and "electricity" flows from "positive" to "negative". The next century, it was discovered that electrons actually carry the charge and move in the opposite direction, but the convention had already been established.

Faraday did a lot of work with electricity and magnetism in the 1800's, as did Maxwell which resulted in his famous equations.

Einstein used Maxwell's equations (as did others) to derive some results that did not make sense. Einstein was able to see how to resolve those details by changing how one thinks about time and space.

Einstein work with electrons (and atomic particles) resulted in an understanding of Brownian motion (and atomic particles), the quantum nature of reality (photo-electric effect), etc.

Back to the electron.

From grade school and after, we are taught that electrons orbit around a nucleus. And that is a model that allows us to think about and discuss atomic structures. But how accurate is that model?

A simple model for hydrogen has one proton in the nucleus and one electron in the orbitals. Let us assume that the model is accurate. The following questions arise.

• How big is the nucleus?
• How big is the electron?
• How far is the electron from the nucleus?

The nucleus radius was first discovered/deduced by Ernest Rutherford in 1911 from the famous gold foil experiment done in 1909.

The electron radius is as close can be to what mathematics calls a point - no (measurable) thickness.

The orbit radius (ground state, lowest energy level) is named the Bohr radius after Neils Bohr and his Bohr model of the atom.

Does mathematics exist in reality or just in the mind? A point has no dimensions.

An electron approximates a point particle and no substructure has ever been detected.

The ratio of the electron to proton mass has been measured to be about 1/1836.

But what of the distance of the electron from the proton nucleus, in an approximate sense?

More: Exact math only approximates reality

Here are the (approximate) accepted and measured values, using scientific notation.

• nucleus radius: 1.75x10^-15 meters
• electron radius: point
• orbit radius: 5.29x10^-11 meters

The ratio of the orbit radius to the nucleus orbit is as follows.

5,29x10₁₁ / 1.75x10₁₅
≈ 3.02x10⁴
= 30,020
≈ 30,000

So the orbital radius is about 30,000 times greater than the nucleus radius.

How can we visualize this?

Consider a football field that is 100 yards long (excluding the end zones). The playing area, 100 yards, is about 91.44 meters which 91,440 millimeters which is about 90,000 millimeters.

Consider half the field at field at 45.72 meters or 45,720 millimeters.

So if the football field were the orbit radius, the nucleus would have a radius of about 45,720 / 30,000 = 1.52 mm or about 1.5 mm.

1.52 mm is about the radius of the head of a pin. Do you see the pin head?

In this case, the red dot at the center is 6 inches in diameter, or about 152 mm. So the area of that red dot is

(152 * 152) / (1.52 * 1.52) = 100 * 100 = 10,000

time bigger (in area) than actual size.

So if a pinhead of radius 1.5 mm were at the midfield at the 50 yard line, the outer orbit would be at the goal lines.

This would imply that most of what we call solid space is actually mostly empty space.

The volume of a sphere of radius r is as follows.

If the nucleus is considered solid and the space between the nucleus is empty, then, using the above formula, the ratio of empty space to solid space is the following.

So, since the ratio of orbit radius to nuclear radius is about 30,000 to 1, the ratio of orbit volume to nuclear volume is the following.

So, if you claim that a table is solid and I claim that it is empty space, then, according to the model, my claim would be 27 trillion times more accurate than your claim.

So, in daily life, what we consider to be solid is actually empty space. What is the reality here?

Why do we not fall though the floor? Answer: The electrostatic forces repelling us from the floor are much greater than the gravity force pulling us down to the floor.

Due to factors having to do with the physical reality in which we live, what we know about electrons about the nucleus is more along the lines of a probability distribution rather than exact precise classical locations.

Electrons (and atoms) are so small that they cannot be seen with the naked eye. One needs an "electron microscope". They can be detected.

Note that the KJV (King James Version) word "clearly seen" is one word in the Greek, "καθοραται" (above) which comes from the modern Greek word "καθαρά" (ka-tha-RA) ≈ "clearly" and the modern Greek word "όραση" (O-ra-see) ≈ "vision, sight" (from a previous verse above).

The modern Greek word "αόρατος" (a-O-ra-tos) ≈ "not seen, invisible" where the "α" negates the Greek word for vision or sight.

The Latin word "invisibilia" ≈ "invisible" is the source of the English word "invisible".