... this fundamental precept - that marketing research done for a product that does not yet exist is useless.

Hammer, M., & Champy, J. (1993). Reengineering the corporation. New York: HarperBusiness., p. 93.

One example is the introduction of Sony Walkman. Another example is the Pennsylvania Turnpike.

More: Customers and market research

Perhaps the most startling notion that arises from process-centered planning is the suggestion that long-range forecasting is a waste of time.

Hammer, M. (1996). Beyond reengineering. New York: Harper Business., p. 203.

It is becoming increasingly clear that the best strategy is not one that tries to divine the future but one that responds rapidly to the present.

Hammer, M. (1996). Beyond reengineering. New York: Harper Business., p. 203.

Business process reengineering is the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speed.
Hammer, M., & Champy, J. (1993). Reengineering the corporation. New York: HarperBusiness., 83.

Michael Hammer (co-founder of business process reengineering) , has a PhD in computer science. He applied object-oriented methodologies to business problems as the business community had never come up with a model of why they did things the way that they did them. A business got "lucky", made lots of money, then went out of business. Why?

In short, to succeed as a professional you must know how to think. This is not a simple challenge. In traditional organizations, thinking has not been a requisite for many jobs, or even a skill that was much prized. Therefore, most people are quite unprepared to do jobs that require them to think and most companies don't know how to prepare them for their jobs. Such preparation involves education rather than training. Hammer, M. (1996). Beyond reengineering. New York: Harper Business., p. 55.

There is another way to develop big-picture thinking skills that may sound far-fetched to some; learn to program a computer. The logic behind this is that computer programming is nothing but an exercise in systems thinking. ... the thinking style that one needs to write and debug a substantial computer program is the same one needed for solving problems in a business process. Hammer, M. (1996). Beyond reengineering. New York: Harper Business., p. 235.

To understand a bigger problem, it helps to understand a small simplified problem. If not, provide examples where this is not the case.

More: Models and reality