John von Neumann had the brilliant insight that data could be code and code could be data. Today, that computing paradigm, used by all conventional computers, is called a Von Neumann architecture based on a 1945 description by Von Neumann.

Anyone who thinks they can generate random numbers with a computer is in a state of sin. John von Neumann (mathematician, computer scientist, etc.)

In 1928, mathematician John von Neumann published his Minimax Theorem, which proved that for every two-person, zero-sum game, there is an optimal strategy for each player.

In 1932, mathematician John von Neumann presented a talk, later published in 1938, in which he generalized the Brouwer fixed point theorem in order to transform the field of economics from a static theory to a dynamic theory. Many economists have since added to that work in order to show how economies can exhibit cyclic and chaotic behavior.

A clever solution to the problem of how to decide coin flips in the presence of possibly biased coins is due to John von Neumann (mathematician, computer scientist, etc.) , famous mathematician, statistician, operations researcher, computer scientist (traditional microprocessors are called Von Neumann machines), etc.