- *G2791 *8 Κιλικία (kil-ik-ee'-ah) : probably of foreign origin; Cilicia, a region of Asia Minor:--Cilicia.
- κιλικιας *5
- Acts 6:9 ... and of them of Cilicia and of Asia, disputing with Stephen.
- Acts 21:39 ... a man which am a Jew of Tarsus, a city in Cilicia, a citizen of no ...
- Acts 22:3 ... born in Tarsus, a city in Cilicia, yet brought up in ...
- Acts 23:34 ... when he understood that he was of Cilicia;
- Galatians 1:21 ... the regions of Syria and Cilicia;
- κιλικιαν *3
- Acts 15:23 ... and Syria and Cilicia:
- Acts 15:41 And he went through Syria and Cilicia, confirming the churches.
- Acts 27:5 And when we had sailed over the sea of Cilicia and Pamphylia, we came ...
19. Usage - Cilicia
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Words: κιλικιαν=3 κιλικιας=5
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20. Unsafe regions
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Words: κιλικιαν=3 κιλικιας=5
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The area was mountainous, home to thieves, robbers, pirates, etc. The word "
pirate" comes from the Greek.
21. Paul
Paul mentions the dangers of his home area of Cicilia, including a long list of perils or dangers, in 2 Corinthians 11:26-27. In this geographic area, one had to be vigilant always.
2 Corinthians 11:26 In journeyings often, in perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils by mine own countrymen, in perils by the heathen, in perils in the city, in perils in the wilderness, in perils in the sea, in perils among false brethren; [kjv]
οδοιποριαις πολλακις κινδυνοις ποταμων κινδυνοις ληστων κινδυνοις εκ γενους κινδυνοις εξ εθνων κινδυνοις εν πολει κινδυνοις εν ερημια κινδυνοις εν θαλασση κινδυνοις εν ψευδαδελφοις [gnt]
11:27 In weariness and painfulness, in watchings often, in hunger and thirst, in fastings often, in cold and nakedness. [kjv]
κοπω και μοχθω εν αγρυπνιαις πολλακις εν λιμω και διψει εν νηστειαις πολλακις εν ψυχει και γυμνοτητι [gnt]
22. 2 Corinthians 11:26
KJV: In journeyings often, in perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils by mine own countrymen, in perils by the heathen, in perils in the city, in perils in the wilderness, in perils in the sea, in perils among false brethren;
Greek: οδοιποριαις πολλακις κινδυνοις ποταμων κινδυνοις ληστων κινδυνοις εκ γενους κινδυνοις εξ εθνων κινδυνοις εν πολει κινδυνοις εν ερημια κινδυνοις εν θαλασση κινδυνοις εν ψευδαδελφοις
Latin: in itineribus saepe periculis fluminum periculis latronum periculis ex genere periculis ex gentibus periculis in civitate periculis in solitudine periculis in mari periculis in falsis fratribus
Wycliffe: in weies ofte, in perelis of floodis, in perelis of theues, in perelis of kyn, in perelis of hethene men, in perelis in citee, in perelis in desert, in perelis in the see, in perelis among false britheren, in trauel and nedynesse,
Gothic: wratodum ufta, bireikeim ahvo, bireikeim waidedjane, bireikeim us kunja, bireikeim us thiudom, bireikeim in baurg, bireikeim in authidai, bireikeim in marein, bireikeim in galiugabrothrum,
Luther: Ich bin oft gereiset; ich bin in Gefahr gewesen zu Wasser, in Gefahr unter den Mördern, in Gefahr unter den Juden, in Gefahr unter den Heiden, in Gefahr in den Städten, in Gefahr in der Wüste, in Gefahr auf dem Meer, in Gefahr unter den falschen Brüdern,
23. 2 Corinthians 11:27
KJV: In weariness and painfulness, in watchings often, in hunger and thirst, in fastings often, in cold and nakedness.
Greek: εν κοπω και μοχθω εν αγρυπνιαις πολλακις εν λιμω και διψει εν νηστειαις πολλακις εν ψυχει και γυμνοτητι
Latin: in labore et aerumna in vigiliis multis in fame et siti in ieiuniis multis in frigore et nuditate
Luther: in Mühe und Arbeit, in viel Wachen, in Hunger und Durst, in viel Fasten, in Frost und Blöße,
24. Caesar
About a 100 years earlier, in 75 BC, a young 25 year old Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) was captured by Cilician pirates while traveling to study oratory at Rhodes.
Plutarch relates the story. Caesar captivated the pirates with stories, etc., and convinced the pirates that the ransom they were asking was too little for his value. He would, at times, banter and joke that he would have them all crucified. When the ransom was paid, Caesar raised a small naval force, returned to the site, captured the same pirates, brought them back, and had them crucified. Caesar was a born leader - for better or for worse.
25. Pompey the Great
The Roman general and statesman Pompey the Great (106 BC - 48 BC) had many interesting accomplishments.
- He had the boyhood name of "teenage butcher" for his ruthlessness.
- Was part of the forces that put down the rebellion of the slave Spartacus (71 BC)
- Cleared the Mediterranean of Cicilian pirates in 49 days in 66 BC.
- Took over Palestine, Judea and Jerusalem for Rome (63 BC).
- He was part of the Triumvirate (Caesar, Pompey, Crassus) who became dictators of the previous Roman democratic republic.
- Opposed Caesar which eventually led to his demise and death. Later, Caesar was himself assassinated.
Caesar downplayed the previous work of Pompey when he put down a revolt in what is today eastern Turkey with the famous quote, "
I came, I saw, I conquered" as if it did not take much effort.
26. Acts 27:5
KJV: And when we had sailed over the sea of Cilicia and Pamphylia, we came to Myra, a city of Lycia.
Greek: το τε πελαγος το κατα την κιλικιαν και παμφυλιαν διαπλευσαντες κατηλθαμεν κατηλθομεν εις μυρα μυρρα της λυκιας
Latin: et pelagus Ciliciae et Pamphiliae navigantes venimus Lystram quae est Lyciae
Tyndale: Then sayled we over the see of Cilicia and Pamphylia and came to Myra a cite in Lycia.
Luther: Und schiffeten auf dem Meer vor Zilizien und Pamphylien über und kamen gen Myra in Lyzien.
27. Leviticus 11:32 Original meaning
Leviticus 11:32 And upon whatsoever any of them, when they are dead, doth fall, it shall be unclean; whether it be any vessel of wood, or raiment, or skin, or sack, whatsoever vessel it be, wherein any work is done, it must be put into water, and it shall be unclean until the even; so it shall be cleansed. [kjv]
και παν εφ ο αν επιπεση απ αυτων τεθνηκοτων αυτων ακαθαρτον εσται απο παντος σκευους ξυλινου η ιματιου η δερματος η σακκου παν σκευος ο εαν ποιηθη εργον εν αυτω εις υδωρ βαφησεται και ακαθαρτον εσται εως εσπερας και καθαρον εσται [lxx]
What is "
sackcloth"? Which came first, the sack as a "
bag" or the cloth from which the bag is named a "
sack"? Might there be some other reason?
A verse in Leviticus tends to provide a clue.
28. Leviticus 11:32
KJV: And upon whatsoever any of them, when they are dead, doth fall, it shall be unclean; whether it be any vessel of wood, or raiment, or skin, or sack, whatsoever vessel it be, wherein any work is done, it must be put into water, and it shall be unclean until the even; so it shall be cleansed.
Hebrew: וכל אשר יפל עליו מהם במתם יטמא מכל כלי עץ או בגד או עור או שק כל כלי אשר יעשה מלאכה בהם במים יובא וטמא עד הערב וטהר׃
Greek: και παν εφ ο αν επιπεση απ αυτων τεθνηκοτων αυτων ακαθαρτον εσται απο παντος σκευους ξυλινου η ιματιου η δερματος η σακκου παν σκευος ο εαν ποιηθη εργον εν αυτω εις υδωρ βαφησεται και ακαθαρτον εσται εως εσπερας και καθαρον εσται
Latin: et super quod ceciderit quicquam de morticinis eorum polluetur tam vas ligneum et vestimentum quam pelles et cilicia et in quocumque fit opus tinguentur aqua et polluta erunt usque ad vesperum et sic postea mundabuntur
Luther: Und alles, worauf ein solch tot Aas fällt, das wird unrein, es sei allerlei hölzern Gefäß, oder Kleider, oder Fell, oder Sack; und alles Geräte, damit man etwas schaffet, soll man ins Wasser tun, und ist unrein bis auf den Abend; alsdann wird's rein.
29. Things
The list of items appears to be that associated with "dead animals".
If "sackcloth" as a "sack" were clothes or raiment, it would appear to be duplicated in the listing of items that would be unclean. If the "sack" were a separate article, such as "cloth", then it would be appropriate to be in the list (without duplicating a previous item).
Thus, it appears that the "sack" was originally the "cloth" made of coarse goat (or camel) hair and then took on the additional meaning of a garment made of this material.
30. Pelts
31. Psalms 35:13
Psalms 35:13 But as for me, when they were sick, my clothing was sackcloth: I humbled my soul with fasting; and my prayer returned into mine own bosom. [kjv]
εγω δε εν τω αυτους παρενοχλειν μοι ενεδυομην σακκον και εταπεινουν εν νηστεια την ψυχην μου και η προσευχη μου εις κολπον μου αποστραφησεται [lxx]
In Psalms 35:13 we see a reference to clothing as "
sackcloth".
Note that the clothing here is "
sackcloth", although the Luther German says that "
I wore a sack" as in "
sackcloth".
Note: As of 2020-12-13, Wikipedia claims the first "
reputed" use of the Latin term "
cilicio" in the Latin Vulgate is in this verse, but, as we saw above, this Latin term is used of Jacob in Genesis 37:34.
32. Psalms 35:13
KJV: But as for me, when they were sick, my clothing was sackcloth: I humbled my soul with fasting; and my prayer returned into mine own bosom.
Hebrew: ואני בחלותם לבושי שק עניתי בצום נפשי ותפלתי על חיקי תשוב׃
Greek: εγω δε εν τω αυτους παρενοχλειν μοι ενεδυομην σακκον και εταπεινουν εν νηστεια την ψυχην μου και η προσευχη μου εις κολπον μου αποστραφησεται
Latin: ego autem cum infirmarer ab eis induebar cilicio humiliabam in ieiunio animam meam et oratio mea ad sinum meum revertetur
Luther: Ich aber, wenn sie krank waren, zog einen Sack an, tat mir wehe mit Fasten und betete von Herzen stets.
33. Revelation 6:12 Sackcloth description
Revelation 6:12 And I beheld when he had opened the sixth seal, and, lo, there was a great earthquake; and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon became as blood; [kjv]
και ειδον οτε ηνοιξεν την σφραγιδα την εκτην και σεισμος μεγας εγενετο και ο ηλιος εγενετο μελας ως σακκος τριχινος και η σεληνη ολη εγενετο ως αιμα [gnt]
Do we have any more detailed descriptions of "
sackcloth" in the Bible? How about Revelations 6:12?
34. Revelation 6:12
KJV: And I beheld when he had opened the sixth seal, and, lo, there was a great earthquake; and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon became as blood;
Greek: και ειδον οτε ηνοιξεν την σφραγιδα την εκτην και ιδου σεισμος μεγας εγενετο και ο ηλιος εγενετο μελας ως σακκος τριχινος και η σεληνη ολη εγενετο ως αιμα
Latin: et vidi cum aperuisset sigillum sextum et terraemotus factus est magnus et sol factus est niger tamquam saccus cilicinus et luna tota facta est sicut sanguis
Wycliffe: And Y say, whanne he hadde openyd the sixte seel, and lo! a greet erthe mouyng was maad; and the sunne was maad blak, as a sak of heire, and al the moone was maad as blood.
Tyndale: And I behelde when he opened the sixte seale and loo there was a grett erth quake and the sunne was as blacke as sacke clothe made of heare. And the mone wexed even as bloud:
35. Description of sackcloth
From the verse in Revelation, "
sackcloth" appears to be "
black" and consist of "
hair" (goat, sometimes camel).
- The Latin word "niger" ≈ "black" from which we get the English word "Negro".
- The Latin word "cilicinus" ≈ "cloth" as mentioned above and below in more detail.
- The modern Greek word "μαλάνι" (ma-LA-nee) ≈ "ink" but meant, in ancient times, "black". The English word "melancholy" comes from the Greek words for "black" and "bile".
- The ancient Greek word "μελάς" (meh-LAS) ≈ "black".
36. Genesis 44:2 Joseph
Genesis 44:2 And put my cup, the silver cup, in the sack's mouth of the youngest, and his corn money. And he did according to the word that Joseph had spoken. [kjv]
και το κονδυ μου το αργυρουν εμβαλατε εις τον μαρσιππον του νεωτερου και την τιμην του σιτου αυτου εγενηθη δε κατα το ρημα ιωσηφ καθως ειπεν [lxx]
Returning to the story of Joseph, the
LXX (Septuagint) translators appear to start with the word for "
sack" from Hebrew and then, to differentiate, start using another Greek word for "
sack".
37. Genesis 44:2
KJV: And put my cup, the silver cup, in the sack's mouth of the youngest, and his corn money. And he did according to the word that Joseph had spoken.
Hebrew: ואת גביעי גביע הכסף תשים בפי אמתחת הקטן ואת כסף שברו ויעש כדבר יוסף אשר דבר׃
Greek: και το κονδυ μου το αργυρουν εμβαλατε εις τον μαρσιππον του νεωτερου και την τιμην του σιτου αυτου εγενηθη δε κατα το ρημα ιωσηφ καθως ειπεν
Latin: scyphum autem meum argenteum et pretium quod dedit tritici pone in ore sacci iunioris factumque est ita
Luther: Und meinen silbernen Becher lege oben in des Jüngsten Sack mit dem Geld für das Getreide. Der tat, wie ihm Joseph hatte gesagt.
38. Marsupials
Note: The word for "
sack" used here is «
μαρσιππον» from which we get the word "
marsupial" (kangaroo, possum, etc.).
- The modern Greek word "μάρσιπος" (MAR-see-pos) ≈ "bag, pouch".
- The modern Greek word "μαρσιποφόρο" (mar-see-po-FO-ro) ≈ "marsupial", literally "carrying in a sack or pouch".
This root is in the
LXX in Genesis
13 times, from Genesis 42:7 onwards. The word initially used for "
sack", "
σακκος" is used
3 times, in Genesis 37:34, 42:25 and 42:35.
- The first, Genesis 37:34, is Jacob and "sackcloth" (see above).
- Genesis 42:25 is above.
- Genesis 42:35 is below.
39. Word split
Why was one word used instead of the original word? Was it observed that the same Hebrew word had two meanings and then two different Greek words used?
The original word for "sack" as "σακκος" was transliterated as a new Greek word from the Hebrew, but the existing Greek word (pre-Greek in origin) "μάρσιπος" was then used for "sack" (except for the two instances above).
40. Genesis 42:35 Opening the sacks
Genesis 42:35 And it came to pass as they emptied their sacks, that, behold, every man's bundle of money was in his sack: and when both they and their father saw the bundles of money, they were afraid. [kjv]
εγενετο δε εν τω κατακενουν αυτους τους σακκους αυτων και ην εκαστου ο δεσμος του αργυριου εν τω σακκω αυτων και ειδον τους δεσμους του αργυριου αυτων αυτοι και ο πατηρ αυτων και εφοβηθησαν [lxx]
Notice that the "
money" is not known until after the long journey back and the sacks are opened - in the presence of their father.
41. Genesis 42:35
KJV: And it came to pass as they emptied their sacks, that, behold, every man's bundle of money was in his sack: and when both they and their father saw the bundles of money, they were afraid.
Hebrew: ויהי הם מריקים שקיהם והנה איש צרור כספו בשקו ויראו את צררות כספיהם המה ואביהם וייראו׃
Greek: εγενετο δε εν τω κατακενουν αυτους τους σακκους αυτων και ην εκαστου ο δεσμος του αργυριου εν τω σακκω αυτων και ειδον τους δεσμους του αργυριου αυτων αυτοι και ο πατηρ αυτων και εφοβηθησαν
Luther: Und da sie die Säcke ausschütteten, fand ein jeglicher sein Bündlein Geld in seinem Sacke. Und da sie sahen, daß es Bündlein ihres Geldes waren, erschraken sie samt ihrem Vater.
42. John 12:6 Money bag
John 12:6 This he said, not that he cared for the poor; but because he was a thief, and had the bag, and bare what was put therein. [kjv]
ειπεν δε τουτο ουχ οτι περι των πτωχων εμελεν αυτω αλλ οτι κλεπτης ην και το γλωσσοκομον εχων τα βαλλομενα εβασταζεν [gnt]
Note that the "
sack" was different than the money "
bag" or "
purse" in the
NT (New Testament).
John makes a comment about Judas, who betrayed Jesus, in John 12:6.
43. John 12:6
KJV: This he said, not that he cared for the poor; but because he was a thief, and had the bag, and bare what was put therein.
Greek: ειπεν δε τουτο ουχ οτι περι των πτωχων εμελεν αυτω αλλ οτι κλεπτης ην και το γλωσσοκομον ειχεν και εχων τα βαλλομενα εβασταζεν
Wycliffe: But he seide this thing, not for it perteynede to hym of nedi men, but for he was a theef, and he hadde the pursis, and bar tho thingis that weren sent.
Tyndale: This sayde he not that he cared for the pooer: but because he was a thefe and kept the bagge and bare that which was geven.
Luther: Das sagte er aber nicht, daß er nach den Armen fragte, sondern er war ein Dieb und hatte den Beutel und trug, was gegeben ward.
44. Booty
John 12:6 This he said, not that he cared for the poor; but because he was a thief, and had the bag, and bare what was put therein. [kjv]
ειπεν δε τουτο ουχ οτι περι των πτωχων εμελεν αυτω αλλ οτι κλεπτης ην και το γλωσσοκομον εχων τα βαλλομενα εβασταζεν [gnt]
… pursis… [wy]
… bagge … [ty]
… Beutel … [lu]
- The German word "der Beutel" ≈ "bag, pouch" as us used above by Luther.
- The German word "die Beute" ≈ "booty" as a prize or plunder captured at sea (and, later, elsewhere) which leads to the English word "booty".
45. End of page
Genesis 42:25 Then Joseph commanded to fill their sacks with corn, and to restore every man's money into his sack, and to give them provision for the way: and thus did he unto them. [kjv]
ενετειλατο δε ιωσηφ εμπλησαι τα αγγεια αυτων σιτου και αποδουναι το αργυριον εκαστου εις τον σακκον αυτου και δουναι αυτοις επισιτισμον εις την οδον και εγενηθη αυτοις ουτως [lxx]
… saccos … sacculis … [v]
Genesis 37:34 And Jacob rent his clothes, and put sackcloth upon his loins, and mourned for his son many days. [kjv]
διερρηξεν δε ιακωβ τα ιματια αυτου και επεθετο σακκον επι την οσφυν αυτου και επενθει τον υιον αυτου ημερας πολλας [lxx]
Jonah 3:5 So the people of Nineveh believed God, and proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the greatest of them even to the least of them. [kjv]
και ενεπιστευσαν οι ανδρες νινευη τω θεω και εκηρυξαν νηστειαν και ενεδυσαντο σακκους απο μεγαλου αυτων εως μικρου αυτων [lxx]
Matthew 11:21 Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida! for if the mighty works, which were done in you, had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. [kjv]
ουαι σοι χοραζιν ουαι σοι βηθσαιδα οτι ει εν τυρω και σιδωνι εγενοντο αι δυναμεις αι γενομεναι εν υμιν παλαι αν εν σακκω και σποδω μετενοησαν [gnt]
Acts 21:39 But Paul said, I am a man which am a Jew of Tarsus, a city in Cilicia, a citizen of no mean city: and, I beseech thee, suffer me to speak unto the people. [kjv]
ειπεν δε ο παυλος εγω ανθρωπος μεν ειμι ιουδαιος ταρσευς της κιλικιας ουκ ασημου πολεως πολιτης δεομαι δε σου επιτρεψον μοι λαλησαι προς τον λαον [gnt]
27:5 And when we had sailed over the sea of Cilicia and Pamphylia, we came to Myra, a city of Lycia. [kjv]
το τε πελαγος το κατα την κιλικιαν και παμφυλιαν διαπλευσαντες κατηλθαμεν κατηλθομεν εις της λυκιας [gnt]
Matthew 11:21 Woe unto thee, Chorazin! woe unto thee, Bethsaida! for if the mighty works, which were done in you, had been done in Tyre and Sidon, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. [kjv]
ουαι σοι χοραζιν ουαι σοι βηθσαιδα οτι ει εν τυρω και σιδωνι εγενοντο αι δυναμεις αι γενομεναι εν υμιν παλαι αν εν σακκω και σποδω μετενοησαν [gnt]
… deadbote on haeren & on aescan. [wes]
… penaunce in heyre and aische. [wy]
Acts 21:39 But Paul said, I am a man which am a Jew of Tarsus, a city in Cilicia, a citizen of no mean city: and, I beseech thee, suffer me to speak unto the people. [kjv]
ειπεν δε ο παυλος εγω ανθρωπος μεν ειμι ιουδαιος ταρσευς της κιλικιας ουκ ασημου πολεως πολιτης δεομαι δε σου επιτρεψον μοι λαλησαι προς τον λαον [gnt]