Men are born ignorant, not stupid. They are made stupid by education. Bertrand Russell (British philosopher, logician and social critic)

Too much book or head knowledge is not good without some street smarts about reality.

There are two motives for reading a book; one, that you enjoy it; the other, that you can boast about it. Bertrand Russell (British philosopher, logician and social critic)

War does not determine who is right - only who is left. Bertrand Russell (British philosopher, logician and social critic)

I would never die for my beliefs because I might be wrong. Bertrand Russell (British philosopher, logician and social critic)

The hardest thing to learn in life is which bridge to cross and which to burn. Bertrand Russell (British philosopher, logician and social critic)

It has been said that man is a rational animal. All my life I have been searching for evidence which could support this. Bertrand Russell (British philosopher, logician and social critic)

Collective fear stimulates herd instinct, and tends to produce ferocity toward those who are not regarded as members of the herd. Bertrand Russell (British philosopher, logician and social critic)

It is the preoccupation with possessions, more than anything else, that prevents us from living freely and nobly. Bertrand Russell (British philosopher, logician and social critic)

In all affairs it's a healthy thing now and then to hang a question mark on the things you have long taken for granted. Bertrand Russell (British philosopher, logician and social critic)

Our great democracies still tend to think that a stupid man is more likely to be honest than a clever man, and our politicians take advantage of this prejudice by pretending to be even more stupid than nature made them. Bertrand Russell (British philosopher, logician and social critic)

A stupid man's report of what a clever man says can never be accurate, because he unconsciously translates what he hears into something he can understand. Bertrand Russell (British philosopher, logician and social critic)

Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) was a famous mathematician and humanist/socialist. The Russell Paradox (1901), a fundamental paradox in logic. is named after him. The Russell Paradox appears in reality in many forms.

• This statement is false.
• You must hate all forms of hate.
• You must not tolerate intolerance.

It is interesting when people are pressed to reconcile, say, the toleration paradox, with ideas such as, say, inclusiveness, they fall back on the type system of Russell that did not resolve the logical issue. The only solution appears to be to give up on actual logic but pretend to be using logic.

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More: Paradox lost: a way to tolerate paradise

Some short forms of the Russell Paradox are the following.

• This statement is false.
• I am lying.
• Is no your answer to this question?
• Pinocchio: My nose will grow now.

There is no resolution of the Russell paradox in logic.

More: Paradox lost: a way to tolerate paradise

Whitehead and Russell published their monumental work Principia Mathematica in which they attempted to put mathematics on a logical basis using arithmetic defined using set theory. The appears problems with their theory before it was even published.

Gödel later proved that what they wanted to do, specify a formal symbol system (that included arithmetic) that was both complete and consistent was not possible.

Part of their attempted fixes were using a theory of "types" as in "typed sets". This did not resolve the paradox named the "Russell Paradox". Similar issues appear to be in Whitehead's ideas that became known as "process theology" in that one can use it to show anything true or false as desired.

Details are left as a future topic.

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