- *G2073 *3 ἑσπέρα (hes-per'-ah) : feminine of an adjective hesperos (evening); the eve (5610 being implied):--evening(-tide).
- εσπεραν
- Luke 24:29 ... for it is toward evening, and the day is far spent. ...
- εσπερα
- Acts 4:3 ... for it was now eventide.
- εσπερας
- Acts 28:23 ... from morning till evening.
12. Usage - evening
*G2073 *3 ἑσπέρα (hes-per'-ah) : feminine of an adjective hesperos (evening); the eve (5610 being implied):--evening(-tide).
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Words: εσπερα εσπεραν εσπερας
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13. Luke 24:29 Road to Emmaus
Luke 24:29 But they constrained him, saying, Abide with us: for it is toward evening, and the day is far spent. And he went in to tarry with them. [kjv]
και παρεβιασαντο αυτον λεγοντες μεινον μεθ ημων οτι προς εσπεραν εστιν και κεκλικεν ηδη η ημερα και εισηλθεν του μειναι συν αυτοις [gnt]
… advesperascit … [v]
… вечеру… [rus]
The modern Greek word
"καλησπέρα" (ka-lee-SPEH-ra) ≈ "good evening" comes from Greek words for "
good" and "
evening" the ancient Greek word
"ἕσπερος" ≈ "evening".
14. Luke 24:29
KJV: But they constrained him, saying, Abide with us: for it is toward evening, and the day is far spent. And he went in to tarry with them.
Greek: και παρεβιασαντο αυτον λεγοντες μεινον μεθ ημων οτι προς εσπεραν εστιν και κεκλικεν ηδη η ημερα και εισηλθεν του μειναι συν αυτοις
Latin: et coegerunt illum dicentes mane nobiscum quoniam advesperascit et inclinata est iam dies et intravit cum illis
Russian: Но они удерживали Его, говоря: останься с нами, потому что день уже склонился к вечеру. И Он вошел и остался с ними.
15. Daniel 6:14 Daniel in the lions den
Daniel 6:14 Then the king, when he heard these words, was sore displeased with himself, and set his heart on Daniel to deliver him: and he laboured till the going down of the sun to deliver him. [kjv]
τοτε ο βασιλευς ως το ρημα ηκουσεν πολυ ελυπηθη επ αυτω και περι του δανιηλ ηγωνισατο του εξελεσθαι αυτον και εως εσπερας ην αγωνιζομενος του εξελεσθαι αυτον [lxx]
16. Daniel 6:14
KJV: Then the king, when he heard these words, was sore displeased with himself, and set his heart on Daniel to deliver him: and he laboured till the going down of the sun to deliver him.
Hebrew: אדין מלכא כדי מלתא שמע שגיא באש עלוהי ועל דניאל שם בל לשיזבותה ועד מעלי שמשא הוא משתדר להצלותה׃
Greek: τοτε ο βασιλευς ως το ρημα ηκουσεν πολυ ελυπηθη επ αυτω και περι του δανιηλ ηγωνισατο του εξελεσθαι αυτον και εως εσπερας ην αγωνιζομενος του εξελεσθαι αυτον
17. Vespers
18. Hercules
Hercules in his 11th labor had to obtain the Apples of Esperides or Hesperides, guarded by a dragon named Ladon and the nymphs called the Hesperides.
Hesperus was related to Venus as the "
evening star".
19. Latin
20. West
21. Diagram
22. Matthew 12:29 Late binding to the west
Matthew 12:29 Or else how can one enter into a strong man's house, and spoil his goods, except he first bind the strong man? and then he will spoil his house. [kjv]
η πως δυναται τις εισελθειν εις την οικιαν του ισχυρου και τα σκευη αυτου σαι αρπασαι εαν μη πρωτον δηση τον ισχυρον και τοτε την οικιαν αυτου διαρπασει [gnt]
The ancient Greek word
"δήση" ≈ "bind" as a
rarely used inflection of the ancient Greek word
"δέω" ≈ "bind".
A similar sounding word would have been the ancient Greek word
"δύσις" ≈ "setting of sun, west, hiding place" and comes from the ancient Greek word
"δύω" ≈ "cause to sink, plunge". The modern Greek word
"δύση" (THEE-see) ≈ "west, sunset, decline".
Would any play on words with "
bind" as compared to "
west" or "
late" make any sense historically?
23. Matthew 16:19 Loose and late binding
Matthew 16:19 And I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven. [kjv]
δωσω σοι τας κλειδας της βασιλειας των ουρανων και ο εαν δησης επι της γης εσται δεδεμενον εν τοις ουρανοις και ο εαν λυσης επι της γης εσται λελυμενον εν τοις ουρανοις [gnt]
24. Matthew 16:19
KJV: And I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.
Greek: και δωσω σοι τας κλεις κλειδας της βασιλειας των ουρανων και ο εαν δησης επι της γης εσται δεδεμενον εν τοις ουρανοις και ο εαν λυσης επι της γης εσται λελυμενον εν τοις ουρανοις
25. Spain and the land of rabbits
The land of Spain on the Iberian Peninsula comes from the "
Land of rabbits" or "
Iberia" or
Ispania".
- The Greeks called it "Hesperia" as in a garden visited by Hercules and from which, through Latin, comes the English word "vespers".
- The Carthaginians (Hannibal, etc.) called it "Ispania" from the local name for "rabbit".
- The Romans adapted the name in Latin as "Hispania".
- Latin developed into Spanish where the name is "España" (as the leading "h" sound disappeared).
26. Matthew 26:20
Matthew 26:20 Now when the even was come, he sat down with the twelve. [kjv]
οψιας δε γενομενης ανεκειτο μετα των δωδεκα μαθητων [gnt]
vespere … [v]
… Abend … [lu]
27. Matthew 26:20
KJV: Now when the even was come, he sat down with the twelve.
Greek: οψιας δε γενομενης ανεκειτο μετα των δωδεκα μαθητων
Latin: vespere autem facto discumbebat cum duodecim discipulis
Luther: Und am Abend setzte er sich zu Tische mit den Zwölfen.
28. The Hebrew day
29. Other cultures
The Greeks and Romans considered a day to start at midnight and continue until the next midnight.
Germanic cultures used the Hebrew tradition. Though we use the Greek and Roman tradition for the beginning and end of a "day", we still use that Germanic and Hebrew tradition for some holidays.
30. Germanic connection
This connection of Germanic cultures to the Hebrew tradition goes deeper than just when a day starts. There is a field of study of these connections.
One example. All the
PIE language groups such as Latin (Italian, French, Spanish, etc.), Greek, Slavic (Russian, Polish, etc.), Indian (Sanskrit, Hindi, etc.) change the inflection of verbs, adjectives, etc., by changing the ending.
Germanic languages (German, English, etc.), however, often change the verb tense by changing the vowel pronunciation such as sing, sang, sung, ring, rang, rung, etc. This is similar to what is done in Semitic languages (Hebrew, Arabic, etc.).
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Details are left as a future topic.
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31. Holidays
So Christmas starts the evening before, the "
evening of Christmas" or "
Christmas Eve".
What did Adam say on the day before Christmas?
It's Christmas, Eve.
The New Year starts the evening before, the "
evening of the New Year" or "
New Year's Eve".
What did Adam say on the day before New Years?
It's New Years, Eve.
32. Midnight
The Greek and Roman time of day went from midnight to midnight. The Hebrew (and ancient Germanic) time of day went from evening until morning.
A Christmas hymn about midnight is "
It came upon a midnight clear".
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Details are left as a future topic.
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33. End of page
Genesis 1:13 And the evening and the morning were the third day. [kjv]
The Second Law of Thermodynamics (heat and energy) makes a connection between increase in entropy (disorder) and the progression of what we experience as time.
Luke 24:29 … Abide with us: for it is toward evening, and the day is far spent. … [kjv]
και παρεβιασαντο αυτον λεγοντες μεινον μεθ ημων οτι προς εσπεραν εστιν και κεκλικεν ηδη η ημερα και εισηλθεν του μειναι συν αυτοις [gnt]
As in:
When exactly does the day start? And when does it end? There have been two primary views during history.
