Calques

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One way to translate a word or phrase is to use what is called a "calque", which is sometimes called a "loan translation".

The English word "calque" is from the French word "calque" ≈ "trace, imitation, close copy".

This is a "word-for-word" translation which itself is a calque from the Latin phrase "verbum pro verbo" ≈ "word for word". Note that it is possible that this phrase could have originated independently of the Latin phrase, so sometimes some historical linguistics research is needed. A calque is created by taking the parts of a word in a source language and directly translating them into a target language.

The English word "skyscraper" has been often translated by using the word for "sky" and the word for "scraper" to obtain the translated word.

The German word "Wolkenkratzer" ≈ "skyscraper".
The German word "die Wolke" ≈ "the cloud" which is related to the Old English word "welcan" ≈ "cloud".
The German word "Kratzer" ≈ "scratch".
The modern Greek word "ουρανοξύστης" (u-ra-no-KSEE-stees) ≈ "skyscraper".
The modern Greek word "ουρανό" (u-ra-NO) ≈ "sky, heaven", as in the English word "Uranus".
The modern Greek word "ξύστρα" (KSEE-stra) ≈ "scraper, sharpener" as used in the following verse.

More: Song: Hark the herald angels sing

1 Chronicles 22:2

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KJV: And David commanded to gather together the strangers that were in the land of Israel; and he set masons to hew wrought stones to build the house of God.

Hebrew: ויאמר דויד לכנוס את הגרים אשר בארץ ישראל ויעמד חצבים לחצוב אבני גזית לבנות בית האלהים׃

Greek: και ειπεν δαυιδ συναγαγειν παντας τους προσηλυτους εν γη ισραηλ και κατεστησεν λατομους λατομησαι λιθους ξυστους του οικοδομησαι οικον τω θεω

Wycliffe: And he comaundide that alle conuersis fro hethenesse to the lawe of Israel`schulden be gaderid`of the lond of Israel; and he ordeynede of hem masouns for to kytte stoonys and for to polische, that the hows of the Lord schulde be bildid;

Luther: Und David hieß versammeln die Fremdlinge, die im Lande Israel waren, und bestellete Steinmetzen, Steine zu hauen, das Haus Gottes zu bauen.

The Middle English word "kytte" ≈ "cut" as in "cut stones" is used by Wycliffe.

Many abstract terms in English, German, etc., become easier to learn when one realizes that they are calques from Latin (or another language).

The Latin word "expressio" ≈ "pressing out".
In English, an "expression" is a "pressing out" as in a facial expression or in a mathematical expression which is "pressed out" to get a value.

The mathematical expression 1*2*3*4 evaluates (or is pressed out) to a value of 24.

The German word "der Ausdruck" ≈ "expression" which is a calque from Latin.
The German word "aus" ≈ "out of".
The German word "Druck" ≈ "pressure, print"

The Koine Greek word "πάσχα" ≈ "passover" is from the Hebrew word "פסח" (pesakh) ≈ "Passover" where the English word "Passover" is a calque by William Tyndale (1494-1536) from the Hebrew.

It is not clear if the Koine Greek word "πάσχα" ≈ "passover" had any effect on the later meaning of the similar ancient Greek word "πάσχω" ≈ "undergo, experience" that is often translated by the KJV (King James Version) as "suffer" in a negative sense.

More: Active and passive actions

One often hears the Bible message presented as the "Good News". This saying is a calque of the Greek.

The modern Greek word "ευαγγέλιον" (ev-agh-Y-lee-on) ≈ "good news" where the modern Greek prefix "ευ" (ev) ≈ "good" and the modern Greek word "άγγελμα" (AGH-yl-ma) ≈ "message, announcement" from which we get the English word "angel" as a "messenger". Los Angeles is named as the city of "angels".

The English word "evangelical" literally means "good news". The word "gospel" is a calque from Old English.

More: Calque: The good news

The English word "scapegoat" is a calque of the Hebrew word "עזאזל" (ez-ozel) ≈ "goat that departs" which appears only in Hebrew in Leviticus 16:8, 10, 26. עזאזל - scapegoat

Leviticus 16:8 And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats; one lot for the LORD, and the other lot for the scapegoat. [kjv]

More: Calque: The goat that escaped

The English word "advocate" comes from the Middle English word "advoket" ≈ "advocate" which comes through French from the Latin word "advocare" ≈ "to call for, advocate".

This Latin word was a legal term for calling for aid, assistance, representing a witness, etc.
The Latin word comes from two Latin roots.

The Latin prefix "ad" ≈ "to, towards".
The Latin word "voco" ≈ "call, summon" as in the English words "vocation", "vocal", etc..

The Latin word "advocare" ≈ "to call for, advocate" is a calque of the ancient Greek word "παράκλητος" ≈ "advocate".

More: Calque: Advocate

Any sermon on the topic of "patience" from the list of fruit needs to be taken carefully. There are two Greek words that have been translated as "patience". Both Paul and James use both of them so there appears to be a distinction made so that they may not be interchangeable.

Galatians 5:22 But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, longsuffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, [kjv]

ο δε καρπος του πνευματος εστιν αγαπη χαρα ειρηνη μακροθυμια χρηστοτης αγαθωσυνη πιστις [gnt]

… longanimitas … [v]

… pacience… [wy]

The ancient Greek word "μακροθυμία" ≈ "longsuffering, patience" and comes from "μᾰκρό" ≈ "long" and "θῡμός" ≈ "soul, desire, temper, passion" and many related meanings.

More: Fruit: longsuffering and enduring patience