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Matthew 6:11 Our daily bread
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1. Matthew 6:11 Our daily bread

2. Daily Bread devotionals
Book: Our Daily Bread Devotional Bible Pamphlet: Our Daily Bread
Many define "daily bread" as the "daily essentials of life" needed for "existence".
The web site for Our Daily Bread devotionals is at https://odb.org. (as of 2025-01-20)

3. Matthew 6:11 Our daily bread
Verse routeMatthew 6:11 Give us this day our daily bread. [kjv]
Verse routeτον αρτον ημων τον επιουσιον δος ημιν σημερον [gnt]
Verse routepanem nostrum supersubstantialemhodie [v]
Verse routedayghwamlice hlaf syleto dayg. [wes]
Verse routeyyuedaibreedothir substaunce… [wy]
Verse routeGevedayedayly breede. [ty]
Verse routeUnser täglich Brot gibheute. [lu]

Sliced bread
In the late 1960's and into the 1970's, the word "bread" was often used to refer to "money".
The English word "breadwinner" refers to the person in the family who makes (most of) the money. To make the "dough" as "money" dates to the mid 1800's.

4. Homemade bread

Homemade breads and baked goods: Bread puns happen when you yeast expect them.

5. White bread
The whiter the bread, the sooner you're dead
At one time, one could physically survive on bread alone. Then the wheat germ was taken out of the flour, starting about 1870, to make the bread last longer before going bad. The bread lasted longer on the shelf, but people could no longer physically survive on bread alone.
In Biblical terms, one needs the "right" "bread" and not the "white" "bread".

The grain for the bread was often ground at grist mills. The word "grist" meant "grinding" and brings to mind the gnashing of teeth.

Information sign More: Gnashing of the teeth

6. Leaven
Leaven
Leaven is used to make bread rise as in "puffed up". Jesus uses the Greek word for "leaven" to refer to false teaching.

Here the concern is about "bread" and not "leaven".


Information sign More: Leaven: the yeast of these
Information sign More: Matthew 13:33 KP4 Parable of the leaven

7. Leaven: the yeast of these
Verse routeMatthew 16:12 Then understood they how that he bade them not beware of the leaven of bread, but of the doctrine of the Pharisees and of the Sadducees. [kjv]
Verse routeτοτε συνηκαν οτι ουκ ειπεν προσεχειν απο της ζυμης των αρτων αλλα απο της διδαχης των φαρισαιων και σαδδουκαιων [gnt]

Leaven is used in bread to make it rise. In the Gospels, Jesus uses the term as a code word to refer to the religious leaders of the time being "puffed up" or to refer to a distortion of religious principles as in false doctrine or teaching. Unleavened bread was used in the Exodus from Egypt as there was not time to let the bread rise.

8. Strongs - bread
*G740 *97 ἄρτος (ar'-tos) : from G142; bread (as raised) or a loaf:--(shew-)bread, loaf.
Word usage per chapter Words: αρτοι=4 αρτοις αρτον=39 αρτος=10 αρτου=5 αρτους=30 αρτω=2 αρτων=6

The ancient Greek word "ἄρτος""cake or loaf of bread" and, in general "bread". Possible play on words include the following.

9. Clean and unclean
The ancient Greek word "καθαρός""clean, clear, pure" which is negated with an alpha prefix as "ἀκάθαρτος""unclean, impure". The end of this word for "unclean" can be a play on words with "ἄρτος""cake or loaf of bread" as in "not every loaf/bread".

A folk etymology is that the English name "Catherine" comes from the ancient Greek word "καθαρός""clean, clear, pure" but it comes from the ancient Greek word "Αἰκατερίνη""Goddess Hecate". It is possible that they are related. Related English names are "Caitlin", "Karen" and "Katrina".

10. Bethlehem: house of bread
Verse routeRuth 1:22 So Naomi returned, and Ruth the Moabitess, her daughter in law, with her, which returned out of the country of Moab: and they came to Beth–lehem in the beginning of barley harvest. [kjv]
Verse routeורותביתלחם … [he]
Verse routeκαι επεστρεψεν νωεμιν και ρουθ η μωαβιτις η νυμφη αυτης επιστρεφουσα εξ αγρου μωαβ αυται δε παρεγενηθησαν εις βαιθλεεμ εν αρχη θερισμου κριθων [lxx]

The name "Bethlehem" means "House of Bread", was one of the near towns whose main industry was producing sacrificial lambs for the passover.
The fields of "Bethlehem" are where Boaz met Ruth, grandmother of King David.

Who is the "passover lamb" born in the "House of Bread" who "broke the rules" for you and me?

Information sign More: Bethlehem: house of bread

11. Ezekiel 4:9 Ezekiel bread
Verse routeEzekiel 4:9 Take thou also unto thee wheat, and barley, and beans, and lentiles, and millet, and fitches, and put them in one vessel, and make thee bread thereof, according to the number of the days that thou shalt lie upon thy side, three hundred and ninety days shalt thou eat thereof. [kjv]
Verse routeκαι συ λαβε σεαυτω πυρους και κριθας και κυαμον και φακον και κεγχρον και ολυραν και εμβαλεις αυτα εις αγγος εν οστρακινον και ποιησεις αυτα σαυτω εις αρτους και κατ αριθμον των ημερων ας συ καθευδεις επι του πλευρου σου ενενηκοντα και εκατον ημερας φαγεσαι αυτα [lxx]

Ezekiel bread
Ezekiel bread is marketed as being based on Ezekiel 4:9.

Ezekiel does not provide sufficient details to be called a "recipe".

12. Ezekiel 4:9
   Ezekiel 4:9 
 All 
KJV: Take thou also unto thee wheat, and barley, and beans, and lentiles, and millet, and fitches, and put them in one vessel, and make thee bread thereof, according to the number of the days that thou shalt lie upon thy side, three hundred and ninety days shalt thou eat thereof.
Hebrew: ואתה קח לך חטין ושערים ופול ועדשים ודחן וכסמים ונתתה אותם בכלי אחד ועשית אותם לך ללחם מספר הימים אשר אתה שוכב על צדך שלש מאות ותשעים יום תאכלנו׃
Greek: και συ λαβε σεαυτω πυρους και κριθας και κυαμον και φακον και κεγχρον και ολυραν και εμβαλεις αυτα εις αγγος εν οστρακινον και ποιησεις αυτα σαυτω εις αρτους και κατ αριθμον των ημερων ας συ καθευδεις επι του πλευρου σου ενενηκοντα και εκατον ημερας φαγεσαι αυτα

13. Luke 11:5-8: Parable of the friend at midnight
Verse routeLuke 11:5 And he said unto them, Which of you shall have a friend, and shall go unto him at midnight, and say unto him, Friend, lend me three loaves; [kjv]
Verse routeκαι ειπεν προς αυτους τις εξ υμων εξει φιλον και πορευσεται προς αυτον μεσονυκτιου και ειπη αυτω φιλε χρησον μοι τρεις αρτους [gnt]

The parable by Jesus of the friend at midnight is in Luke 11:5-8. One take-away is that one should not be afraid to ask repeatably for daily bread. A comparison is often made to the parable of the unjust judge in Luke 18.

Is this really what the parable of the friend at midnight means?
In Greek, the "three" (as usual) precedes the "loaves".
Note: There could be multiple meanings. All the meanings can be true (in some sense).

Information sign More: Luke 11:5-8: Parable of the friend at midnight

14. Preparation
Verse routeLuke 11:3 Give us day by day our daily bread. [kjv]
Verse routeτον αρτον ημων τον επιουσιον διδου ημιν το καθ ημεραν [gnt]


The Lord's Prayer in Luke is right before the parable of the friend at midnight in Luke.
Friend at midnight 1In the parable of the friend at midnight, the one "friend" was not prepared for the other "friend".

Information sign More: Luke 11:5-8: Parable of the friend at midnight

15. Salt of the earth and the bread of life
Verse routeJohn 6:35 And Jesus said unto them, I am the bread of life: he that cometh to me shall never hunger; and he that believeth on me shall never thirst. [kjv]
Verse routeειπεν αυτοις ο ιησους εγω ειμι ο αρτος της ζωης ο ερχομενος προς εμε ου μη πειναση και ο πιστευων εις εμε ου μη διψησει πωποτε [gnt]
Verse routelyfes hlaf… [wes]
Verse routehlaifs libainais… [got]

Verse route6:48 I am that bread of life. [kjv]
Verse routeεγω ειμι ο αρτος της ζωης [gnt]

Perhaps the "salt" of the "earth" meaning is as simple as going with the "bread" of "life". The English saying "bread and butter" might be expressed in the Middle East as "bread and salt".

The Old English "hlaf" and Gothic "hlaifs" is the origin of the word "Lord" for the protector of the bread, the sustainer of life.

Information sign More: Salt salted with a salty salt

16. Matthew 6:11 Panera Bread
Verse routeMatthew 6:11 Give us this day our daily bread. [kjv]
Verse routeτον αρτον ημων τον επιουσιον δος ημιν σημερον [gnt]
Verse routepanem nostrum supersubstantialemhodie [v]
Verse routedayghwamlice hlaf syleto dayg. [wes]
Verse routepan … [es]

Panera Bread
The Latin word "pane""bread" and is the source of the name of "Panera Bread", literally "Bread Bread". The Spanish word "pan""bread, loaf".
The English word "lord" is from "loaf guarder" or "loaf ward" (try letting the "f" disappear) where "loaf" was the word for "bread", like Latin "f" to Spanish "h".
 
Have you ever been to Punera Bread?


Information sign More: The lord bred to loaf

17. Matthew 6:11 Wycliffe
Verse routeMatthew 6:11 Give us this day our daily bread. [kjv]
Verse routeτον αρτον ημων τον επιουσιον δος ημιν σημερον [gnt]
Verse routepanem nostrum supersubstantialemhodie [v]
Verse routeyyuedaibreedothir substaunce… [wy]

In Matthew, the Wycliffe version says "not only in bread liveth man".

The addition to "bread" is "ouer othir substaunce".

Apparently one might want to request something in addition to bread. Apparently Wycliffe was a few hundred years ahead of his time. That is, before some ingredients essential to physical life were removed from the flour (and bread). Note that the removal of the wheat germ left the bread with much more of a sugary content which could have increased certain types of diseases caused by less protein and more sugar (i.e., carbohydrates converted to sugar in the body).

18. Matthew 4:3 Examination
Verse routeMatthew 4:3 And when the tempter came to him, he said, If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be made bread. [kjv]
Verse routeκαι προσελθων ο πειραζων ειπεν αυτω ει υιος ει του θεου ινα οι λιθοι ουτοι αρτοι γενωνται [gnt]
Verse routecostnigendhlafe … [wes]

ContextThis as an offer of "wealth". The Old English word "costian""try, prove, examine".

The devil quotes scripture. Jesus detects the deception and quotes back scripture. Context is important!


Information sign More: Selective evidence fallacy: Verse context matters

19. Matthew 4:4 Context matters
Verse routeMatthew 4:4 But he answered and said, It is written, Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God. [kjv]
Verse routeο δε αποκριθεις ειπεν γεγραπται ουκ επ αρτω μονω ζησεται ο ανθρωπος αλλ επι παντι ρηματι εκπορευομενω δια στοματος θεου [gnt]
Verse routeandsweredehlafeworden … [wes]



Information sign More: Matthew 4:1-11 Examining evil temptations

20. John 6:48,53 Bread of life
Verse routeJohn 6:48 I am that bread of life. [kjv]
Verse routeεγω ειμι ο αρτος της ζωης [gnt]
Verse routelyfes hlaf. [wes]

Later in the same chapter, Jesus explains what he is all about.

Verse route6:53 Then Jesus said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink his blood, ye have no life in you. [kjv]
Verse routeειπεν ουν αυτοις ο ιησους αμην αμην λεγω υμιν εαν μη φαγητε την σαρκα του υιου του ανθρωπου και πιητε αυτου το αιμα ουκ εχετε ζωην εν εαυτοις [gnt]

Today, many churches do not like the idea or metaphor of eating the flesh and drinking his blood. Might what Jesus says be a code word approach?

Many have noted that the modern music in many churches has been used to get Jesus and the blood out of the church service and, in some cases, the church itself.

Information sign More: Parables and secret codes used and explained by Jesus
Information sign More: Luke 10:1-4 Follow the leader

21. Yesterday
Verse routeHebrews 13:8 Jesus Christ the same yesterday, and to day, and for ever. [kjv]
Verse routeιησους χριστος εχθες και σημερον ο αυτος και εις τους αιωνας [gnt]
Verse routehodie ipsesaecula [v]
Verse routeyistirdaidaiinto worldis. [wy]
Verse routeyesterdayedayecontinueth for ever. [ty]
Verse routegesternheuteEwigkeit. [lu]

Sign: We change. But God's Message is the same.Has God changed? Does God change? How would a God who is outside of time and space change? What about Jesus? If Jesus is God, would not the same reasoning apply?

The Latin word "hodie""today" and is from "hoc""this"and "die""day".

Information sign More: Yesterday

22. Procrastination
Never put off till tomorrow, what you can do the day after tomorrow.
Mark Twain (Author and Humorist, alias Samuel Clemens)
Today: I used to crastinate. I got so good at it I decided to go pro.

Information sign More: Mark Twain - Samuel Clemens

23. Matthew 6:11 Translation issue
Verse routeMatthew 6:11 Give us this day our daily bread. [kjv]
Verse routeτον αρτον ημων τον επιουσιον δος ημιν σημερον [gnt]
Verse routepanem nostrum supersubstantialemhodie [v]

Translation issue
One problem with the extensive examples of "daily" "bread" is that an important Greek word in the verse was not translated correctly.
Early church fathers, theologians, commentators, etc., could not understand how the word as used could make sense. They eventually came to a mutual agreement of the meaning of the verse as it appears today.

24. Word meanings
Book: New Testament Text and Translation Commentary
Phillip W. Comfort, New Testament Text and Translation Commentary, 2008, p. 15.

When Jesus uses a word whose meaning is not clear, it can be a code word or it could have a meaning in multiple ways - all of which makes sense in some model interpretation. To what is "bread" referring?

25. Matthew 6:11
Verse routeMatthew 6:11 Give us this day our daily bread. [kjv]
Verse routeτον αρτον ημων τον επιουσιον δος ημιν σημερον [gnt]
Verse routepanem nostrum supersubstantialemhodie [v]

The Latin word "supersubstantialis""(perhaps) life-sustaining" and is a calque from the ancient Greek word "ἐπιούσιος""on substance" (unclear meaning).

26. Strongs - today
*G4594 *41 σήμερον (say'-mer-on) : neuter (as adverb) of a presumed compound of the article 3588 (t changed to s) and G2250; on the (i.e. this) day (or night current or just passed); generally, now (i.e. at present, hitherto):--this (to-)day.
Word usage per chapter Words: σημερον=41

The ancient Greek word "σήμερον""today" from "ἡμέρα""day".

27. Strongs - daily
*G1967 *2 ἐπιούσιος (ep-ee-oo'-see-os) : perhaps from the same as G1966; tomorrow's; but more probably from G1909 and a derivative of the present participle feminine of G1510; for subsistence, i.e. needful:--daily.
Word usage per chapter Words: επιουσιον=2

Because of the use of this word in the GNT (Greek New Testament), there are disagreements on the etymology.

One viewpoint: The ancient Greek word "ἐπιούσιος""on substance" (unclear meaning) is from "ἐπι""on" and "οὐσία""substance".

When Jesus speaks, play on words allow multiple meanings so both interpretations may have merit.

28. Usage - daily
  • *G1967 *2 ἐπιούσιος (ep-ee-oo'-see-os) : perhaps from the same as G1966; tomorrow's; but more probably from G1909 and a derivative of the present participle feminine of G1510; for subsistence, i.e. needful:--daily.
  •  Usage 
     All 
    • επιουσιον *2
      •   Matthew 6:11 Give us this day our daily bread.
      •   Luke 11:3 ... by day our daily bread.

29. Strongs - next day
*G1966 *5 ἐπιούσα (ep-ee-oo'-sah) : feminine singular participle of a comparative of G1909 and heimi (to go); supervening, i.e. (2250 or G3571 being expressed or implied) the ensuing day or night:--following, next.
Word usage per chapter Words: επιουση=5

Another viewpoint: The ancient Greek word "ἐπιούσιος""following day" from the shortening of the phrase "ἡ ἐπῐοῦσᾰ ἡμέρᾱ""the following day". Examples: A similar word appears in both the GNT and the LXX (Septuagint). If not the same word, a play on words then connects to this meaning.

When Jesus speaks, play on words allow multiple meanings so both interpretations may have merit.

30. Usage - next day
  • *G1966 *5 ἐπιούσα (ep-ee-oo'-sah) : feminine singular participle of a comparative of G1909 and heimi (to go); supervening, i.e. (2250 or G3571 being expressed or implied) the ensuing day or night:--following, next.
  •  Usage 
     All 
    • επιουση *5
      •   Acts 7:26 And the next day he shewed himself unto them as they strove, ...
      •   Acts 16:11 ... to Samothracia, and the next day to Neapolis;
      •   Acts 20:15 And we sailed thence, and came the next day over against Chios; and ...
      •   Acts 21:18 And the day following Paul went in with ...
      •   Acts 23:11 And the night following the Lord stood by him, ...

31. Acts 7:26
Verse routeActs 7:26 And the next day he shewed himself unto them as they strove, and would have set them at one again, saying, Sirs, ye are brethren; why do ye wrong one to another? [kjv]
Verse routeτη τε επιουση ημερα ωφθη αυτοις μαχομενοις και συνηλλασσεν αυτους εις ειρηνην ειπων ανδρες αδελφοι εστε ινα τι αδικειτε αλληλους [gnt]


32. Acts 7:26
   Acts 7:26 
 All 
KJV: And the next day he shewed himself unto them as they strove, and would have set them at one again, saying, Sirs, ye are brethren; why do ye wrong one to another?
Greek: τη τε επιουση ημερα ωφθη αυτοις μαχομενοις και συνηλασεν συνηλλασσεν αυτους εις ειρηνην ειπων ανδρες αδελφοι εστε υμεις ινα τι αδικειτε αλληλους

33. Acts 16:11
Verse routeActs 16:11 Therefore loosing from Troas, we came with a straight course to Samothracia, and the next day to Neapolis; [kjv]
Verse routeαναχθεντες ουν απο τρωαδος ευθυδρομησαμεν εις σαμοθρακην τη δε επιουση εις νεαν πολιν [gnt]


34. Acts 16:11
   Acts 16:11 
 All 
KJV: Therefore loosing from Troas, we came with a straight course to Samothracia, and the next day to Neapolis;
Greek: αναχθεντες ουν απο της τρωαδος ευθυδρομησαμεν εις σαμοθρακην τη τε δε επιουση εις νεαπολιν νεαν πολιν

35. Acts 20:15
Verse routeActs 20:15 And we sailed thence, and came the next day over against Chios; and the next day we arrived at Samos, and tarried at Trogyllium; and the next day we came to Miletus. [kjv]
Verse routeκακειθεν αποπλευσαντες τη επιουση κατηντησαμεν αντικρυς χιου τη δε ετερα παρεβαλομεν εις σαμον τη δε εχομενη ηλθομεν εις μιλητον [gnt]


36. Acts 20:15
   Acts 20:15 
 All 
KJV: And we sailed thence, and came the next day over against Chios; and the next day we arrived at Samos, and tarried at Trogyllium; and the next day we came to Miletus.
Greek: κακειθεν αποπλευσαντες τη επιουση κατηντησαμεν αντικρυ αντικρυς χιου τη δε ετερα παρεβαλομεν εις σαμον και μειναντες εν τρωγυλλιω τη δε εχομενη ηλθομεν εις μιλητον

37. Acts 21:18
Verse routeActs 21:18 And the day following Paul went in with us unto James; and all the elders were present. [kjv]
Verse routeτη δε επιουση εισηει ο παυλος συν ημιν προς ιακωβον παντες τε παρεγενοντο οι πρεσβυτεροι [gnt]


38. Acts 21:18
   Acts 21:18 
 All 
KJV: And the day following Paul went in with us unto James; and all the elders were present.
Greek: τη δε επιουση εισηει ο παυλος συν ημιν προς ιακωβον παντες τε παρεγενοντο οι πρεσβυτεροι

39. Acts 23:11
Verse routeActs 23:11 And the night following the Lord stood by him, and said, Be of good cheer, Paul: for as thou hast testified of me in Jerusalem, so must thou bear witness also at Rome. [kjv]
Verse routeτη δε επιουση νυκτι επιστας αυτω ο κυριος ειπεν θαρσει ως γαρ διεμαρτυρω τα περι εμου εις ιερουσαλημ ουτως σε δει και εις ρωμην μαρτυρησαι [gnt]

The Greek is that of the "night" of the "next day".

40. Acts 23:11
   Acts 23:11 
 All 
KJV: And the night following the Lord stood by him, and said, Be of good cheer, Paul: for as thou hast testified of me in Jerusalem, so must thou bear witness also at Rome.
Greek: τη δε επιουση νυκτι επιστας αυτω ο κυριος ειπεν θαρσει παυλε ως γαρ διεμαρτυρω τα περι εμου εις ιερουσαλημ ουτως σε δει και εις ρωμην μαρτυρησαι

41. Proverbs 3:28
Verse routeProverbs 3:28 Say not unto thy neighbour, Go, and come again, and to morrow I will give; when thou hast it by thee. [kjv]
Verse routeμη ειπης επανελθων επανηκε και αυριον δωσω δυνατου σου οντος ευ ποιειν ου γαρ οιδας τι τεξεται η επιουσα [lxx]


42. Proverbs 3:28
 All 
KJV: Say not unto thy neighbour, Go, and come again, and to morrow I will give; when thou hast it by thee.
Hebrew: אל תאמר לרעיך לך ושוב ומחר אתן ויש אתך׃
Greek: μη ειπης επανελθων επανηκε και αυριον δωσω δυνατου σου οντος ευ ποιειν ου γαρ οιδας τι τεξεται η επιουσα

43. Proverbs 27:1
Verse routeProverbs 27:1 Boast not thyself of to morrow; for thou knowest not what a day may bring forth. [kjv]
Verse routeμη καυχω τα εις αυριον ου γαρ γινωσκεις τι τεξεται η επιουσα [lxx]


44. Proverbs 27:1
 All 
KJV: Boast not thyself of to morrow; for thou knowest not what a day may bring forth.
Hebrew: אל תתהלל ביום מחר כי לא תדע מה ילד יום׃
Greek: μη καυχω τα εις αυριον ου γαρ γινωσκεις τι τεξεται η επιουσα

45. Matthew 6:11 Daily bread
Verse routeMatthew 6:11 Give us this day our daily bread. [kjv]
Verse routeτον αρτον ημων τον επιουσιον δος ημιν σημερον [gnt]
Verse routepanem nostrum supersubstantialemhodie [v]

Here is the English using the Greek word order. The word "bread" appears only once in the Greek and is inferred the second time. How can we ask to have "tomorrow's" "bread" "today"? Does that even make sense? The early church fathers did not think it made sense. So they decided to change "tomorrow" to "today". A few associated it with (the verse before that says) "thy kingdom come" (at some time in the future).

46. GNU
Scrabble GNUGNU (GNU is Not Unix) is a platform for Unix/Linux tools such as the C or C++ compilers used in some beginning programming courses. The C compiler often used in an introductory programming course is gcc which stands for GNU C Compiler.
GNU is a recursively defined acronym (of infinite regress) where the following holds, using parentheses to show the expansion. Some see this as cute without any useful meaning. The general approach here is that of a string rewriting system (e.g., text formatter).

Information sign More: Recursively running back again with the palindromes
Information sign More: Have you ever met a prefix like this?
Information sign More: John: Asking for anything and everything

47. ASK
Scrabble ASKThe model that can be used is that of ASK (ASK Seek Knock) from the verses in Matthew and Luke.
ASK is a recursively defined acronym (of infinite regress) where the following holds, using parentheses to show the expansion. Some see this as cute without any useful meaning. The general approach here is that of a string rewriting system (e.g., text formatter).

As one continues, one should be continually seeking His righteousness and knocking (in the Kingdom of Heaven) to see if others want to start the same path, until the final knock to the Kingdom of God.

Information sign More: Recursively running back again with the palindromes
Information sign More: John: Asking for anything and everything

48. Zeno's paradox
Zeno paradoxIn ancient times, Aristotle relates how Zeno's proof that "motion is impossible", called Zeno's paradox, is flawed since it can easily be demonstrated incorrect by moving.
When Greek philosopher "Διογένης Λαέρτιος,""Diogenes Laertius" heard the claim, he got up and walked away to demonstrate that the claim was invalid. [math class and limits]

It took over 2,000 years, with the discovery and use of calculus, to be able to actually prove that what Zeno claimed to proved was not valid.

English: For it is possible for a man to show that a false conclusion has been reached without showing on what point it turns, as, for instance, in Zeno's argument that motion is impossible. (Loeb #400, p. 123)
Greek: ἐγχωρεῖ γὰρ ὅτι μὲν ψεῦδος συλλελόγισται δεῖξαί τινα, παρ´ ὃ δὲ μὴ δεῖξαι, οἷον τὸν Ζήνωνος λόγον, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστι κινηθῆναι. [179b]


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49. Aristotle and babbling
Book: On Sophistic Refutations Zeno paradox

In chapter 13 of Aristotle's Sophistic Refutations, Aristotle talks of making people "babbling" through logical arguments. What Aristotle says here does not appear to be fully understood by those translating but is in line with text formatting, string rewriting systems, self-reference, infinite regress, etc.

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50. Aristotle: Sophistic Refutations
English: … Next, as to making people babble, we have already said what we mean by this term. Arguments of the following kind all have this end in view; If it makes no difference whether one uses the term or the definition of it, and "double" and "double of half" are the same thing, then if "double" is "double of half", it will be "double of double of half"; and if "double of half" be substituted again for "double", there will be a triple repetition, "double of half of half of half". Again, is not "desire" "desire of pleasure"? Now "desire is an appetite for pleasure": therefore "desire is an appetite for pleasure of pleasure". (Loeb#100, p. 75)
Greek: … Περὶ δὲ τοῦ ποιῆσαι ἀδολεσχεῖν, ὃ μὲν λέγομεν τὸ ἀδολεσχεῖν εἰρήκαμεν ἤδη· πάντες δὲ οἱ τοιοίδε λόγοι τοῦτο βούλονται ποιεῖν· εἰ μηδὲν διαφέρει τὸ ὄνομα ἢ τὸν λόγον εἰπεῖν, διπλάσιον δὴ καὶ διπλάσιον ἡμίσεος ταὐτό· εἰ ἄρα ἐστὶ διπλάσιον ἡμίσεος διπλάσιον, ἔσται ἡμίσεος ἡμίσεος διπλάσιον. Καὶ πάλιν ἂν ἀντὶ τοῦ "διπλάσιον" "διπλάσιον ἡμίσεος" τεθῇ, τρὶς ἔσται εἰρημένον, ἡμίσεος ἡμίσεος ἡμίσεος διπλάσιον. Καὶ ἆρά ἐστιν ἡ ἐπιθυμία ἡδέος; τοῦτο δ´ ἐστὶν ὄρεξις ἡδέος· ἔστιν ἄρα ἡ ἐπιθυμία ὄρεξις ἡδέος ἡδέος. Aristotle: Sophistic Refutations [173b]
This is the idea of the recursive acronyms ASK and GNU as a string rewriting system.

51. Aristotle: Sophistic Refutations
Here is what Aristotle is describing. Aristotle uses a word for substitute which is the fundamental idea of a string rewriting system. The idea of relative terms is that of equations where one phrase or definition is relative to a term. This example as translated does not appear to result in an infinite regress.

Note: The translator appears to have not understood what Aristotle was saying, in terms of string-rewriting substitutions, and did not translated the Greek properly. In 1955, the field of computer science did not exist as such and, even if it did, those skilled in ancient Greek translation would probably not have a good background in programming language theory.

52. Aristotle: Sophistic Refutations
To get the infinite regress, go back to the general statement of the method. This is the general idea of the recursive acronyms ASK and GNU as a string rewriting system.

53. Grammar analogy
The same effect, or language recognized, can be expressed as the following (left recursive) grammar in EBNF (Extended Backus-Naur Form) form. Removing the parentheses results in the following result. This simple example can be expressed as a RE (Regular Expression) as follows. All examples result in an infinite regress. Note: Generation is not the same as recognition, but the ideas may help understand the concepts involved.

... more to be added ...

54. Chomsky Language hierarchy
Chomsky language hierarchy
Noam Chomsky influenced how computer science approached computer programming language notations, grammars, etc.
Chomsky grammar hierarchy:

55. Aristotle: Sophistic Refutations
Now that we have seen the method, let us look at the definition of "babbling" given by Aristotle.

English: They number five: refutation, fallacy, paradox, solecism, and, fifthly, the reduction of one's opponent to a state of babbling, that is, making him to say the same thing over and over again; or, if not the reality, at any rate the appearance of each of these things.. (Loeb#100, p. 17)
Greek: Ἔστι δὲ πέντε ταῦτα τὸν ἀριθμόν, ἔλεγχος καὶ ψεῦδος καὶ παράδοξον καὶ σολοικισμὸς καὶ πέμπτον τὸ ποιῆσαι ἀδολεσχῆσαι τὸν προσδιαλεγόμενον (τοῦτο δ´ ἐστὶ τὸ πολλάκις ἀναγκάζεσθαι ταὐτὸ λέγειν), ἢ τὸ μὴ ὂν ἀλλὰ [τὸ] φαινόμενον ἕκαστον εἶναι τούτων. Aristotle: Sophistic Refutations [166a]
A repetition of what is substituted, over and over again, is that of "babbling". This word is derived from "ἄδολος""guileless, honest, simple". It is not clear how Aristotle developed this word for this purpose.

56. Eternal bread
Let the terms (terminals) of a grammar be as follows. Let us define the variables of a grammar as follows. That is, give us the bread the next day (tomorrow's bread) today, in addition to the bread today. Then the following results from repeated substitution. That is, an infinite regress. If bread represents life, then the infinite regress can represent eternal life.

57. Infinite regress build
 ▶ 
 + 
 - 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 

Do you see the infinite regress? Do you see a connection to the following?

58. Proverb saying to live forever
Book: Infinite Regress Book: Infinite Regress Arguments Infinity symbol

An ancient sage one told his pupil, "There are only two things you need to do to live forever" Do you see the infinite regress? Do you see a connection to the following?

59. Hilbert's hotel paradox

Mathematician David Hilbert (1862-1943) invented the idea of an infinite hotel. In the abstract theory of the infinite, it is always possible to accommodate an infinite number of new guests.

Book: The cello suites
This is like making time to listen to a cello suite. There is always room for cello.

[give way, make room]


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60. Inns and dogs
There was "no room in the inn" or "no room in the guest room".

Like Hilbert's infinite hotel paradox (which never runs out of rooms), there is always room in the "dog house".


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61. Matthew 6:11 Daily bread
Verse routeMatthew 6:11 Give us this day our daily bread. [kjv]
Verse routeτον αρτον ημων τον επιουσιον δος ημιν σημερον [gnt]
Verse routepanem nostrum supersubstantialemhodie [v]
Verse routedayghwamlice hlaf syleto dayg. [wes]

Here is the English using the Greek word order.

62. Strongs - manna
*H4478 מָן (mawn) : from H4100; literally, a whatness (so to speak), i.e. manna (so called from the question about it):--manna.
*H1931 הוּא הִיא (hoo) : of which the feminine (beyond the Pentateuch) is hiyw {he}; a primitive word, the third person pronoun singular, he (she or it); only expressed when emphatic or without a verb; also (intensively) self, or (especially with the article) the same; sometimes (as demonstrative) this or that; occasionally (instead of copula) as or are:--he, as for her, him(-self), it, the same, she (herself), such, that (...it), these, they, this, those, which (is), who.

*G3131 *4 μάννα (man'-nah) : of Hebrew origin (4478); manna (i.e. man), an edible gum:--manna.
Word usage per chapter Words: μαννα=4

63. Usage - manna
  • *G3131 *4 μάννα (man'-nah) : of Hebrew origin (4478); manna (i.e. man), an edible gum:--manna.
  •  Usage 
     All 
    • μαννα *4
      •   John 6:31 Our fathers did eat manna in the desert; as ...
      •   John 6:49 Your fathers did eat manna in the wilderness, and are dead.
      •   Hebrews 9:4 ... golden pot that had manna, and Aaron's rod ...
      •   Revelation 2:17 ... to eat of the hidden manna, and will give ...

64. Exodus 16:15
Verse routeExodus 16:15 And when the children of Israel saw it, they said one to another, It is manna: for they wist not what it was. And Moses said unto them, This is the bread which the LORD hath given you to eat. [kjv]
Verse routeιδοντες δε αυτο οι υιοι ισραηλ ειπαν ετερος τω ετερω τι εστιν τουτο ου γαρ ηδεισαν τι ην ειπεν δε μωυσης προς αυτους ουτος ο αρτος ον εδωκεν κυριος υμιν φαγειν [lxx]
Verse routeAnd when the children of Israel saw it, they said one to another, What is this? for they knew not what it was; and Moses said to them, [bs3]

The Hebrew for "what is it?" became the word for "manna".

If "manna" represents the "bread" of "life", then the Israelites wanted more. They wanted "birds"!

Future topic Details are left as a future topic.


65. Exodus 16:15
   Exodus 16:15 
 All 
KJV: And when the children of Israel saw it, they said one to another, It is manna: for they wist not what it was. And Moses said unto them, This is the bread which the LORD hath given you to eat.
Hebrew: ויראו בני ישראל ויאמרו איש אל אחיו מן הוא כי לא ידעו מה הוא ויאמר משה אלהם הוא הלחם אשר נתן יהוה לכם לאכלה׃
Greek: ιδοντες δε αυτο οι υιοι ισραηλ ειπαν ετερος τω ετερω τι εστιν τουτο ου γαρ ηδεισαν τι ην ειπεν δε μωυσης προς αυτους ουτος ο αρτος ον εδωκεν κυριος υμιν φαγειν
Brenton: And when the children of Israel saw it, they said one to another, What is this? for they knew not what it was; and Moses said to them,

66. Revelation 2:17 Hidden manna
Verse routeRevelation 2:17 He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it. [kjv]

What is the "hidden manna"? Might it be the "living" "bread"? How can "manna" be perverted. What happens if the "n" sound is changed to the "m" sound?

67. Revelation 2:17 Hidden manna
Verse routeRevelation 2:17 He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it. [kjv]
Verse routeο εχων ους ακουσατω τι το πνευμα λεγει ταις εκκλησιαις τω νικωντι δωσω αυτω του μαννα του κεκρυμμενου και δωσω αυτω ψηφον λευκην και επι την ψηφον ονομα καινον γεγραμμενον ο ουδεις οιδεν ει μη ο λαμβανων [gnt]

The Greek word for "hidden", in this form, appears only in two places in Matthew, in the kingdom parables. That "living" "bread" is part of the Lord's Prayer in Matthew. That aspect was changed at the historical time of KP4 with limited reprieve at the historical time of KP5. Thus, it is "hidden" "manna".

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68. Hidden manna
The Greek word for "hidden" as in "hidden" "manna" or "bread" appears only in two places in Matthew, in the kingdom parables.
The "living" "bread" is in Matthew 6:11 (step 5 of seven):

69. John 6:48
Verse routeJohn 6:48 I am that bread of life. [kjv]
Verse routeεγω ειμι ο αρτος της ζωης [gnt]
Verse routelyfes hlaf. [wes]

Why is the bread of life eternal like the Son?
Are fat cells saved?

70. John 6:48 Bread of life induction
Verse routeJohn 6:48 I am that bread of life. [kjv]
Verse routeεγω ειμι ο αρτος της ζωης [gnt]
Verse routelyfes hlaf. [wes]

Bread 4Can you see the following.
Computer science is the search for finite representations of (potentially) infinite objects.

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71. Easy payment plan
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