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Type theory in the Bible and elsewhere
1. Type theory in the Bible and elsewhere
The word "
type" can have many meanings to many people.
In Christian theology, the word "
type", or "
typology" as a collective area, refers specifically to the very
narrow sense of something in the Old Testament that appears to represent something about
Jesus in the New Testament. This is a very
narrow view of a much more general concept.
The Hebrew idea of a "
type" is that of a "
remez" or "
hint" of something deeper.
In computer science, a "
type" is a set of allowable values whose collective name is the "
type" of that set of values.
Here we look at the word "
type" and some of the many meanings.
2. Impressions
The ancient Greek word
"τύπος" ≈ "impression, mark" is often translated as (passive) "
example" rather than (active) "
impression".
Philippians 3:17 Brethren, be followers together of me, and mark them which walk so as ye have us for an ensample. [kjv]
συμμιμηται μου γινεσθε αδελφοι και σκοπειτε τους ουτως περιπατουντας καθως εχετε τυπον ημας [gnt]
3. Philippians 3:17
Philippians 3:17 Brethren, be followers together of me, and mark them which walk so as ye have us for an ensample. [kjv]
συμμιμηται μου γινεσθε αδελφοι και σκοπειτε τους ουτως περιπατουντας καθως εχετε τυπον ημας [gnt]
The Greek for "
ensample" is the Greek word for "
type". The Greek word for "
type" means to hit or strike, Think of "
striking" an "
impression" in the same sense as a printer "
type" which originally meant hitting or striking.
The word "impression" has an active sense.
The word "example" has a passive sense.
In Philippians, Paul uses the "
scope" word when referring to the "
bishops" as "
church leadership" since the Greek for "
scope" is part of the Greek word for "
bishop".
4. Philippians 3:17
KJV: Brethren, be followers together of me, and mark them which walk so as ye have us for an ensample.
Greek: συμμιμηται μου γινεσθε αδελφοι και σκοπειτε τους ουτως περιπατουντας καθως εχετε τυπον ημας
5. Impression
The modern Greek word
"εντύπωση" (ehn-TEE-po-see) ≈ "impression" comes from the ancient Greek word
"ἐντύπωσις" ≈ "impression".
The saying goes that "
you never get a second chance to make a first impression".
The user interface variation is "
the user interface should be such that the user who has never seen it before can use it" (the Google terminology is to "
grok" the interface) but, in addition, "
the user interface should be such that the expert user who has used it for a long time is not hindered by that interface".
6. Computer science
In computer science, and specifically programming language theory, a "
type" is a set of allowable values.
When computer variables are declared as of a certain type, for strongly typed languages, certain programming errors can be detected as not being well founded. Programmers can use a "
type cast" or "
cast" to change the type of the variable (and underlying representation, in certain cases). In weakly typed language, those type errors may be detected at run-time rather than at compile-time.
7. Enumerated types
In computer science, an "
enumerated type" is a type that, to the programmer, uses names and, to the machine, uses integers.
| Colors for RGB and CMYK |
| 0 |
000 |
k |
black |
| 1 |
001 |
r |
red |
| 2 |
010 |
g |
green |
| 3 |
011 |
rg=y |
yellow |
| 4 |
100 |
b |
blue |
| 5 |
101 |
rb=m |
magenta |
| 6 |
110 |
gb=c |
cyan |
| 7 |
111 |
rgb=w |
white |
|
Enumerated type (names): black, red, green, yellow, blue, magenta, cyan, white
Integers (decimal): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Integers (binary): 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111
Here, the binary form shows the correspondence of the bit values, 0 or 1, to the subtractive and additive color models.
|
8. Colors and color models
Two ways of looking at colors: (Note: there are other useful color models)
RGB additive model (light, added to black/screen)
(black) + red + green + blue = white
CMYK subtractive model (pigments, print, subtracted from white/paper)
(white) - cyan - magenta - yellow = black
Each model is correct. In many cases, one way may be easier to work with or use than the other model.
9. Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) was a famous mathematician and humanist/socialist. The Russell Paradox (1901), a fundamental paradox in logic. is named after him. The Russell Paradox appears in reality in many forms.
This statement is false.
You must hate all forms of hate.
You must not tolerate intolerance.
It is interesting when people are pressed to reconcile, say, the toleration paradox, with ideas such as, say, inclusiveness, they fall back on the type system of Russell that did not resolve the logical issue. The only solution appears to be to give up on actual logic but pretend to be using logic.
10. Short forms
Some short forms of the Russell Paradox are the following.
This statement is false.
I am lying.
Is no your answer to this question?
Pinocchio: My nose will grow now.
There is no resolution of the Russell paradox in logic.
11. Principia Mathematica
Whitehead and Russell published their monumental work
Principia Mathematica in which they attempted to put mathematics on a logical basis using arithmetic defined using set theory. The appears problems with their theory before it was even published.
Gödel later proved that what they wanted to do, specify a formal symbol system (that included arithmetic) that was both complete and consistent was not possible.
Part of their attempted fixes were using a theory of "
types" as in "
typed sets". This did not resolve the paradox named the "
Russell Paradox". Similar issues appear to be in Whitehead's ideas that became known as "
process theology" in that one can use it to show anything true or false as desired.
 |
Details are left as a future topic.
|
12. Remez: Concealed and revealed
Some "
types" of Christian "
typology", or a Hebrew "
remez", can be considered a form of steganography.
 |
The Hebrew word "רמז" (remez) ≈ "remez". There are many places in the Old Testament that have hint of what can be considered a "remez".
|
From the Hebrew, a "
remez" is a hint of some deeper meaning.
A "
remez" is a form of what in the security field is called "
steganography". That is, a message concealed such that it does not, at first glance, appear that there is a hidden message there.
GNT (Greek New Testament) example:
parables
13. Theology
In Christian theology, the word "
type", or "
typology" as a collective area, refers specifically to the very
narrow sense of something in the Old Testament that appears to represent something in the New Testament. This is a very
narrow view of a much more general concept.
Some ideas similar to a general "
type" include the following.
code words - words substituted with other words (with a different meaning.)
analogies
14. Parables and secret codes used and explained by Jesus
Jesus often uses
code words so that sayings have more than one meaning.
All the meanings can be true. The encoded (literal) form makes (some) sense and the decoded form makes sense. In general:
Noun words can be code words. Pronouns can be ambiguous.
Verb words are carefully chosen to work in both contexts.
By definition, in the security field, a
code word is a word that needs to be substituted with another word (e.g., using a
code book) to determine the meaning. By definition, in the security field, a
secret code is a code whose meaning is to be obscured to anyone without the code book.
So Jesus, by definition, uses
secret codes. However, these codes appear to provide only authentication information (and warnings about certain heresies) but no special salvation knowledge - which is always is clear text.
15. Romans 5:14 Paul
Romans 5:14 Nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over them that had not sinned after the similitude of Adam's transgression, who is the figure of him that was to come. [kjv]
αλλα εβασιλευσεν ο θανατος απο αδαμ μεχρι και επι τους μη αμαρτησαντας επι τω ομοιωματι της παραβασεως αδαμ ος εστιν τυπος του μελλοντος [gnt]
Paul uses the Greek word for "
type" many times. The Greek translated as "
figure" is the Greek word for "
type" which can be though of as "
impression".
The "
was" in "
was to come" is inferred.
16. Romans 5:14
KJV: Nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over them that had not sinned after the similitude of Adam's transgression, who is the figure of him that was to come.
Greek: αλλ αλλα εβασιλευσεν ο θανατος απο αδαμ μεχρι μωσεως μωυσεως και επι τους μη αμαρτησαντας επι τω ομοιωματι της παραβασεως αδαμ ος εστιν τυπος του μελλοντος
17. 1 Peter 3:21
1 Peter 3:21 The like figure whereunto even baptism doth also now save us (not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God,) by the resurrection of Jesus Christ: [kjv]
ο και υμας αντιτυπον νυν σωζει βαπτισμα ου σαρκος αποθεσις ρυπου αλλα συνειδησεως αγαθης επερωτημα εις θεον δι αναστασεως ιησου χριστου [gnt]
Peter uses the Greek for "
type" but as "
anti-type" where the Greek "
anti" means "
in place of" or "
instead of" and not "
against". When there are only two choices or alternatives, the "
anti" means the "
opposite" or "
against".
18. 1 Peter 3:21
KJV: The like figure whereunto even baptism doth also now save us (not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God,) by the resurrection of Jesus Christ:
Greek: ο και ημας υμας αντιτυπον νυν σωζει βαπτισμα ου σαρκος αποθεσις ρυπου αλλα συνειδησεως αγαθης επερωτημα εις θεον δι αναστασεως ιησου χριστου
19. 1 Peter 5:3
1 Peter 5:3 Neither as being lords over God's heritage, but being ensamples to the flock. [kjv]
μηδ ως κατακυριευοντες των κληρων αλλα τυποι γινομενοι του ποιμνιου [gnt]
In the Greek, the English "
ensamples" (passive) has a meaning of "
impressions" (active).
20. 1 Peter 5:3
KJV: Neither as being lords over God's heritage, but being ensamples to the flock.
Greek: μηδ ως κατακυριευοντες των κληρων αλλα τυποι γινομενοι του ποιμνιου
21. Hebrews 8:5
Hebrews 8:5 Who serve unto the example and shadow of heavenly things, as Moses was admonished of God when he was about to make the tabernacle: for, See, saith he, that thou make all things according to the pattern shewed to thee in the mount. [kjv]
οιτινες υποδειγματι και σκια λατρευουσιν των επουρανιων καθως κεχρηματισται μωυσης μελλων επιτελειν την σκηνην ορα γαρ φησιν παντα κατα τον τυπον τον δειχθεντα σοι εν τω ορει [gnt]
Hebrews uses the Greek for "
type" in the sense of a "
pattern". The Greek used here for "
example" is the more common word for "
pattern" or "
example".
The last part of this verse refers to Exodus 25:40.
22. Hebrews 8:5
KJV: Who serve unto the example and shadow of heavenly things, as Moses was admonished of God when he was about to make the tabernacle: for, See, saith he, that thou make all things according to the pattern shewed to thee in the mount.
Greek: οιτινες υποδειγματι και σκια λατρευουσιν των επουρανιων καθως κεχρηματισται μωσης μωυσης μελλων επιτελειν την σκηνην ορα γαρ φησιν ποιησης ποιησεις παντα κατα τον τυπον τον δειχθεντα σοι εν τω ορει
23. Exodus 25:40
Exodus 25:40 And look that thou make them after their pattern, which was shewed thee in the mount. [kjv]
ορα ποιησεις κατα τον τυπον τον δεδειγμενον σοι εν τω ορει [lxx]
The Greek for "
type" appears only twice in the
LXX (Septuagint).
The Greek word for "
shewed" is related to the Greek word for "
example" or "
paradigm" as "
going beyond an example".
24. Exodus 25:40
KJV: And look that thou make them after their pattern, which was shewed thee in the mount.
Hebrew: וראה ועשה בתבניתם אשר אתה מראה בהר׃
Greek: ορα ποιησεις κατα τον τυπον τον δεδειγμενον σοι εν τω ορει
25. Paradigm shifts
Exodus 25:9 According to all that I shew thee, after the pattern of the tabernacle, and the pattern of all the instruments thereof, even so shall ye make it. [kjv]
The English word "
paradigm" comes from the ancient Greek word
"παράδειγμα" ≈ "pattern, example". In modern Greek, "
paradigm" and "
pattern" are this same word.
The word "
paradigm" became popular in the 1960's due to the book by Thomas Kuhn who defined a
paradigm shift as a radical change in the way one thinks about and solves a problem.
Paradigm shifts involve new concepts and often require one to think outside the box. One saying about change in relation it paradigms is that "
shift happens".
26. Amos 5:26
Amos 5:26 But ye have borne the tabernacle of your Moloch and Chiun your images, the star of your god, which ye made to yourselves. [kjv]
και ανελαβετε την σκηνην του μολοχ και το αστρον του θεου υμων ραιφαν τους τυπους αυτων ους εποιησατε εαυτοις [lxx]
The Greek word for "
type" could be used as "
stamp" is in coinage or in "
stamping" out some other "
image".
27. Amos 5:26
KJV: But ye have borne the tabernacle of your Moloch and Chiun your images, the star of your god, which ye made to yourselves.
Hebrew: ונשאתם את סכות מלככם ואת כיון צלמיכם כוכב אלהיכם אשר עשיתם לכם׃
Greek: και ανελαβετε την σκηνην του μολοχ και το αστρον του θεου υμων ραιφαν τους τυπους αυτων ους εποιησατε εαυτοις
28. Type theory
The Gospel of Barnabas, not included in the Christian Bible, contains the Greek word for "
type"
12 times (in 19 chapters) and uses as examples of types hints or ideas of Jesus in the Old Testament (Hebrew Scriptures) and how those "
types" were realized in the New Testament (writings). These were from writings since those writings had not yet been combined into what is now called the New Testament.
29. Concealed and revealed
Saint Augustine (Early Christian father) :
The New Testament is in the Old Testament "concealed".
The Old Testament is in the New Testament "revealed".
One can find hints of this "
after the fact", but such truths are not plain or obvious "
before the fact".
Do you see it? Do you need to see to believe? Or can you believe and then see?
30. Hasty generalization
A common logical fallacy is that of "hasty generalization" whereby a few examples are generalized to a all-encompassing rule.
The Christian idea of "type" or "typology" appears to be a "hasty generalization" based on a limited number of examples. Because a few examples use the "type" or "impression" of how Jesus in the New Testament was hidden in the Old Testament, that word was generalized to be the one and only meaning of that word (at least from their point of view).
31. Caveat
There is nothing incorrect about narrowly defining a concept using a more general word. One must be aware, however, that there are many general "
types" or "
patterns" in the Bible (and elsewhere) that do not meet the narrow definition of "
typology" as used in Christian theology.
32. End of page
