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Tu quoque or you too fallacy
1. Tu quoque or you too fallacy
The Latin phrase "
tu quoque" (pronounced "too kwo-kway") logic fallacy, also known as the "
you too" logic fallacy is using an opponents personal hypocrisy (modern definition) or bad logic with regards to the matter to discredit that view.
This is a subset of the "
ad hominem" logic fallacy whereby the opponent is attacked personally.
If one is searching for (logical or reality) truth, the personal behavior or views of the person making the claim are not relevant. The only thing that is relevant are the actual claims made by that person.
2. Shakespeare
Shakespeare uses "
et tu Brute", or "
you too, Brutus", as spoken by Caesar as he is being stabbed to death, There is no evidence he said this, but some reports have something similar being said by Caesar.
A play by John Cook in the 1600's is called "
Green's tu quoque" or "
The city gallant".
3. Abstract definition
Here is the "
tu quoque" fallacy in abstract terms.
1. Person A claims that X is true.
2. Person B shows that A's behavior contradicts claim X.
3. Person B claims that X is false.
Let us look at this in diagram form.
4. You too 1
1. Person A clams that X is true.
5. You too 2
2. Person B shows that A's behavior contradicts claim X.
3. Person B claims that X is false.
6. You too 3
As a matter of (logical or reality) truth, claim "
X" is true or false in spite of what person "
A" believes or says or does.
7. Fallacy
The saying of a hypocrite is "do as i say and not as I do".
However, in terms of the "tu quoque" logical fallacy, one must evaluate the "say" without being influenced by the "do".
The "say" may be "true". The "say" may be "false". The "do" should not directly dictate whether one takes the "say" as "true" or "false".
8. Both sides
Here is another way to understand this concept.
There are some cases where the hypocrisy may be relevant to the claim.
There are other cases where the hypocrisy is not relevant to the claim.
This is the fallacy. More analysis is needed.
9. Self-esteem movement
This was a logical problem for the self-esteem movement.
Some children whose self-esteem was protected turned out bad.
Some children whose self-esteem was battered turned out good.
Thus, the self-esteem idea is a descriptive model after-the-fact and not a predictive model before-the-fact.
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Details are left as a future topic.
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10. Descriptive model fallacy
A descriptive after-the-fact model describes things after-the-fact as if they could have been predicted. A predictive model predicts what will happen, with high probability, before-the-fact.
A lot of engineering is predictive before-the-fact.
A lot of marketing is descriptive after-the-fact.
A fallacy, here named the descriptive model fallacy, is that one can often convince people that a descriptive model is, in fact, predictive, by citing only evidence that supports that point of view.
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Details are left as a future topic.
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11. Logic fallacies
From the book "
Logic Fallacies":
What is a fallacy? A fallacy is an error in logic a place where someone has made a mistake in his thinking. A cloud is 90% water. A watermelon is 90% water. Therefore, since a plane can fly through a cloud, a plane can fly through a watermelon.
This book meets the needs of parents who want a do-able text for introducing logic and critical thinking to their children.
Bluedorn, N. and Bluedorn, H. (2002).
The Fallacy Detective: Thirty-Six Lessons on How to Recognize Bad Reasoning. Christian Logic..
12. Logic fallacies
Logic fallacies are studied because so many people believe that the fallacies are actually good reasoning. Some people get very upset if you question their reasoning, even if it is well known (in the field) to be faulty reasoning.
Fields such as marketing and politics and other fields often use logic fallacies to deceive and manipulate people.
13. Concrete example
Here is a concrete example of the "
tu quoque" logic fallacy.
1. Person A claims that "smoking is bad".
2. Person B shows that person A smokes.
3. Person B concludes (or implies) that "smoking is not bad".
14. Concrete example
Often, the last part is omitted and is just implied.
1. Person A says "You are driving too fast".
2. Person B says "You drive too fast all the time".
The last part, that person B is not driving too fast is left implied.
15. Pot calling the kettle black
A version of the "
tu quoque" logic fallacy is the logical fallacy of the "
pot calling the kettle black".
It arises from pointing out that a person is guilty of the same offense that that person is accusing others. This is a form of psychological projection or hypocrisy.
16. Pot calling the kettle black
The "
pot calling the kettle black" logic fallacy appears to be of Spanish origin from the 1600's and appears in Thomas Shelton's 1620 translation of Don Quixote and appears as a Spanish idiom.
17. Similar phrases
There are words and phrases that have similar meanings to the "
tu quoque" logic fallacy.
Pot calling the kettle black (see above)
Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones
Whataboutism - accusing others of the same behavior
Accusation in a mirror
Clean hands
18. Christian hypocrisy
There is a quote about "
Christians" attributed to Mahatma Gandhi.
I like your Christ, I do not like your Christians. Your Christians are so unlike your Christ. Mahatma Gandhi (Indian lawyer and political activist)
Interestingly, it appears to be hard to find a definite reference for quotes such as this.
This may be because he may have made statements somewhat like this, but any quote about discounting Christianity because of the behavior of some Christians would fall under the "
tu quoque" logic fallacy.
19. Hypocrites
If only non-sinners were allowed in church, to avoid apparent hypocrisy, there would be no one in church and no church!
Some churches will expel members if any sin is detected or becomes known, etc.
20. 1 Peter 3:15-16
1 Peter 3:15 But sanctify the Lord God in your hearts: and be ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh you a reason of the hope that is in you with meekness and fear: [kjv]
κυριον δε τον χριστον αγιασατε εν ταις καρδιαις υμων ετοιμοι αει προς απολογιαν παντι τω αιτουντι υμας λογον περι της εν υμιν ελπιδος αλλα μετα πραυτητος και φοβου [gnt]
3:16 Having a good conscience; that, whereas they speak evil of you, as of evildoers, they may be ashamed that falsely accuse your good conversation in Christ. [kjv]
συνειδησιν εχοντες αγαθην ινα εν ω καταλαλεισθε καταισχυνθωσιν οι επηρεαζοντες υμων την αγαθην εν χριστω αναστροφην [gnt]
Peter makes statements about the importance of setting a good example. Those that "
falsely" accuse you would be using any hypocrisy of your "
conversation" (meaning all interactions, verbal or otherwise) in Christ as in "
manner of life".
Note that the reason for setting a good example is not that it otherwise negates the teachings of Jesus, but that, many may not believe because, in effect, many are swayed by the "
tu quoque" logic fallacy.
21. 1 Peter 3:15
KJV: But sanctify the Lord God in your hearts: and be ready always to give an answer to every man that asketh you a reason of the hope that is in you with meekness and fear:
Greek: κυριον δε τον θεον χριστον αγιασατε εν ταις καρδιαις υμων ετοιμοι δε αει προς απολογιαν παντι τω αιτουντι υμας λογον περι της εν υμιν ελπιδος αλλα μετα πραυτητος και φοβου
Latin: Dominum autem Christum sanctificate in cordibus vestris parati semper ad satisfactionem omni poscenti vos rationem de ea quae in vobis est spe
Wycliffe: But halewe ye the Lord Crist in youre hertis, and euermore be ye redi to satisfaccioun to ech man axynge you resoun of that feith and hope that is in you,
22. 1 Peter 3:16
KJV: Having a good conscience; that, whereas they speak evil of you, as of evildoers, they may be ashamed that falsely accuse your good conversation in Christ.
Greek: συνειδησιν εχοντες αγαθην ινα εν ω καταλαλωσιν υμων ως κακοποιων καταλαλεισθε καταισχυνθωσιν οι επηρεαζοντες υμων την αγαθην εν χριστω αναστροφην
23. Strongs - conversation
- *G391 *13 ἀναστροφή (an-as-trof-ay') : from G390; behavior:--conversation.
- αναστροφην *5
- Galatians 1:13 For ye have heard of my conversation in time past in the Jews' religion, ...
- Ephesians 4:22 That ye put off concerning the former conversation the old man, which is ...
- 1 Peter 2:12 Having your conversation honest among the Gentiles: ...
- 1 Peter 3:2 While they behold your chaste conversation coupled with fear.
- 1 Peter 3:16 ... that falsely accuse your good conversation in Christ.
- αναστροφης *5
- Hebrews 13:7 ... considering the end of their conversation.
- James 3:13 ... let him shew out of a good conversation his works with ...
- 1 Peter 1:18 ... from your vain conversation received by tradition from your fathers;
- 1 Peter 3:1 ... the word be won by the conversation of the wives;
- 2 Peter 2:7 ... vexed with the filthy conversation of the wicked:
- αναστροφη *2
- 1 Timothy 4:12 ... in word, in conversation, in charity, in ...
- 1 Peter 1:15 ... holy in all manner of conversation;
- αναστροφαις
- 2 Peter 3:11 ... to be in all holy conversation and godliness,
24. Usage - conversation
*G391 *13 ἀναστροφή (an-as-trof-ay') : from G390; behavior:--conversation.
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Words: αναστροφαις αναστροφη=2 αναστροφην=5 αναστροφης=5
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25. 2 Peter 3:10-11
26. 2 Peter 3:10
KJV: But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night; in the which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat, the earth also and the works that are therein shall be burned up.
Greek: ηξει δε η ημερα κυριου ως κλεπτης εν νυκτι εν η οι ουρανοι ροιζηδον παρελευσονται στοιχεια δε καυσουμενα λυθησονται λυθησεται και γη και τα εν αυτη εργα κατακαησεται ευρεθησεται
27. 2 Peter 3:11
KJV: Seeing then that all these things shall be dissolved, what manner of persons ought ye to be in all holy conversation and godliness,
Greek: τουτων ουν ουτως παντων λυομενων ποταπους δει υπαρχειν υμας εν αγιαις αναστροφαις και ευσεβειαις
28. Deception
The senses deceive from time to time, and it is prudent never to trust wholly those who have deceived us even once. René Descartes (French philosopher, mathematician and statistician)
29. Smoke and fire
Humans tend to want simple rules that work all of the time. The "
100 percent rule". Unfortunately, this is almost never the case.
The saying "
where there is smoke, there is fire" assumes that smoke always means fire. It often does but not always.
The saying "
when the grass is wet, it rained" is often true, but one can think of many ways this might not be true. For example, a laws sprinkler watering the grass.
In general, this is the "
converse fallacy".
30. Examples
Here are some examples of people who said things, via demonstrative and mathematical proof, that they did not believe at the time or, after the implications become more obvious, denied that applicability.
Should one go by their beliefs or what they said?
Thus is the tu quoque logic fallacy. One should evaluate what they said without being influenced by what they might have said later about what they said earlier.
31. Order
Order does not spontaneously form from disorder. A tornado passing through a junkyard would never assemble a 747. Hoyle, Fred, 1988. The Intelligent Universe. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, pp. 18-19.
Famous atheist
Fred Hoyle (Astronomer and atheist) said that he had proven that God exists, but did not believe it.
Today, this is sometimes called the "
Hoyle Fallacy" by those who do not like the logical implications.
32. Chaitin
Gregory Chaitin, co-founder of Algorithmic Information Theory (after he developed his ideas, he discovered that Komolgorov had done similar work) proved that one cannot construct a computer program to determine if a sequence of numbers is random. Instead, one must be informed of this from outside the system.
It appears that after the creation implications of his proof became apparent, that this implies a creator god outside of time and space, he felt compelled to write a book attempting to support the theory of evolution.
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Details are left as a future topic.
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33. Thinking about parking
Here is an example where one might not even consider or think about something.
The first time I saw a street sign that read "
Don't even think of parking here" my first thought was, "
ok, what if I park there without even thinking about what I was doing". Would I then be in violation of the sign?
Literally, one who "
does not think" about it would not have a logical issue parking there. Of course, what do I know. Maybe, like Socrates (or Sergeant Shultz), "
I know nothing". Does that make sense?
Should one be making decisions without considering the matter, or at least thinking about it?
34. Deceiver and deceived
Here are some reflexive relationships that may not fit into the tu quoque logic fallacy. Remember, a logic fallacy is not always true or false. That is the point. A logic fallacy is that something that is not always true or false, but many believe that the fallacy is always true or always false.
2 Timothy 3:13 But evil men and seducers shall wax worse and worse, deceiving, and being deceived. [kjv]
πονηροι δε ανθρωποι και γοητες προκοψουσιν επι το χειρον πλανωντες και πλανωμενοι [gnt]
That is, they may start believing their own lies.
35. 2 Timothy 3:13
KJV: But evil men and seducers shall wax worse and worse, deceiving, and being deceived.
Greek: πονηροι δε ανθρωποι και γοητες προκοψουσιν επι το χειρον πλανωντες και πλανωμενοι
Latin: mali autem homines et seductores proficient in peius errantes et in errorem mittentes
Wycliffe: But yuele men and disseyueris schulen encreese in to worse, errynge, and sendinge in to errour.
Gothic: ith ubilai mannans jah liutai theihand du wairsizin, airzjai jah airzjandans.
36. Matthew 15:14 Blind leaders
Matthew 15:14 Let them alone: they be blind leaders of the blind. And if the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch. [kjv]
αφετε αυτους τυφλοι εισιν οδηγοι τυφλος δε τυφλον εαν οδηγη αμφοτεροι εις βοθυνον πεσουνται [gnt]
This is an example of a reflexive relationship since the blind are leading both others who are blind and themselves who are blind.
The ancient Greek word
"τυφλός" ≈ "blind, dark, unseen" and is related to the English word
"deaf" and the German word
"taub" ≈ "deaf".
The ancient Greek word
"ὁδηγός" ≈ "guide" as in one who "
shows the way" and comes from two words.
"ὁδός" ≈ "way, path" as in the last part of the English words "method" and "exodus".
"ἡγέομαι" ≈ "guide" which is the source of the English word "hegemony".
This word can be a play on words with "
the but earth".
37. Matthew 15:14 Blind leaders
Matthew 15:14 Let them alone: they be blind leaders of the blind. And if the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch. [kjv]
αφετε αυτους τυφλοι εισιν οδηγοι τυφλος δε τυφλον εαν οδηγη αμφοτεροι εις βοθυνον πεσουνται [gnt]
The Greek word translated "
let" is the same word that is sometimes translated "
forgive". The base meaning is that of "
letting go". The Greek word for "
both" can be a play on words with "
not a plant".
Discuss: Does Jesus indicate that "
leadership" or "
leaders" or needed? Can one just do what Jesus wants without the rules, traditions, oaths, etc., of the religious establishment?
What did the blind say to the drapes?
For all in tents, it's curtains for you! Did you see that blind joke coming?
The blind man tried to make an appointment with the optician. What was he told?
He could not see the doctor. They were in quite a bind.
[coffee stains, semicolons]
38. Beams and motes
Can both the casting out the beam and casting out the mote (twig) analogy be taken reflexively? In the verse, casting out the beam was stated reflexively but removing the mote (twig) was not.
This appears to make sense but appears to require that a beam and a mote (twig) represent different ideas (which was the conclusion reached anyway).
The idea with the reflexive casting out of the mote (twig) as that one can create rules and requirements that paralyze oneself. One should not even think about such casting out but, instead, rethink what is required and just do that - bearing fruit on the mote (twig) that was neither removed nor altered nor constrained.
39. End of page