The word "patience" is often used in the KJV (King James Version) has as "longsuffering" as in "enduring".

The modern Greek word "θυμός" (thee-MOS) ≈ "temper, passion". It is from the PIE (Proto Indo-European) root "*(DUHMOS)" ≈ "smoke". One often relates anger to smoke or fire. Some cognates include the following.

• The Latin word "fumus" ≈ "smoke, steam, fume" and is the source of the English word "fume".
• The Sanskrit word "धूम" (dhuma) ≈ "smoke, vapor, mist".
• The Old English word "dust" ≈ "dust, powder" which is related to the German word "Dunst" ≈ "haze". This is not related to English "dunce" which is named for John Duns Scotus (1266-1308) as someone rejecting knowledge which later changed to someone considered stupid.
• The English word is "dust".

The modern Greek word "μακριά" (ma-kree-A) ≈ "distant, far, afar".

The ancient Greek word "μακρός" (ma-KROS) ≈ "long, far, distant" and is the source of the English word "macro" as in "very large" or "comparatively large".

A computer "macro" is a shorter textual notation that expends into a longer textual notation that has some effect.

• Keyboard macros are keystrokes that are expanded into longer sequences of keystrokes.
• Editor macros change text in the editor in a pre-programmed manner.
• Formatter macros change or expand text in a pre-programmed manner in going a source text to target text transformation.

Macro photography is very close-up photography.

There is food packaging where one often sees the phrase "enlarged to show texture", even if the actual product is the size of the image on the container.

The ancient Greek word "θυμός" (thee-MOS) ≈ "temper, passion" and the ancient Greek word "μακρός" (ma-KROS) ≈ "long, far, distant" (both discussed above).

• The Latin word "longus" ≈ "long, extended, distant" and is the source of the English word "long".
• The Latin word "animus" ≈ "mind, spirit, breath, etc." and is related to the modern Greek word "άνεμος" (A-neh-mos) ≈ "wind". The breath part is the origin of the English word "animal".

The relevant Russian words are the following.

• The Russian word "долго" (dol-ga) ≈ "long time".
• The Russian word "терпение" (ter-len-i-a) ≈ "endurance, patience".



More: Calques

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The corresponding Latin word "longanimis" ≈ "patient, forbearing" and is a calque of the ancient Greek word "μᾰκρόθῡμος" ≈ "longsuffering, patience".

The modern Greek word is "μακροθυμία" (ma-kro-thee-MEE-a) ≈ "longsuffering, patience".

The English word "longsuffering" appears to be a calque of the Latin word as in "suffering" being "endurance" with some confusion with the Greek word for "patience" as "enduring" and the long as being "extended".

The Russian word "долготерпение" (dol-ga-ter-len-i-a) ≈ "longsuffering" is from the Old Church Slavonic word "долготерпение" ≈ "longsuffering" and is a calque of the ancient Greek word.

• The Middle English word "suffren" ≈ "suffer".
• The Latin word "suffero" ≈ "offer, bear, endure" from the prefix "sub-" for "up" or "under" and the PIE root "ber" ≈ "bear,carry".
• These words are related to the modern Greek word "φέρω" (FEH-ro) ≈ "carry, bear" from the ancient Greek word "φέρω" ≈ "carry, bear".
• The Latin word "fero" ≈ "bear, carry".
• The Old English word "beren" ≈ "bear" and is the source of the English word "bear".

The KJV uses "suffer" in places where the Greek word is for "allow" as in "suffer the children".

Thus, the fruit "longsuffering" can be described as "having a long fuse" or "not easily angered" or "having control of ones temper".

The problem here is that some Bible translations use the word "patience" for "longsuffering". The word "patience" in modern English has acquired a changed meaning since the original texts were written.

James talks a lot about patience, using two different words. This distinction is not always made in sermons.

The Latin appears to be the source of our concept of "patience" but modified by what James says in the following verses that modify (add to) the requirements and meaning of "patience".

The word "perfect" here means "completed" and not without error.

For more information on "perfect", see the following: A perfect end to complete perfection.

The above verses using "patient" are at the start of the book of James. One should not impose a modern English definition of "patience" on this verse. And this is not the word "patience" used in the fruit of the Spirit in Galatians 5.

That modern definition comes, in part, from how James elaborates on the Greek definition of "patience". James will use the word "patience" from Galatians 5 in a later chapter, but not this one.

The Latin word "patientia" ≈ "patience" and is the source of the English word "patience". The Middle English word "pacience" ≈ "patience" is through French from the Latin.

• The French word "patience" ≈ "patience".
• The Spanish word "paciencia" ≈ "patience".

In the original meaning of "patience" there were several meanings.

• suffering or enduring
• standing firm, unyielding

The ancient Greek word "ὑπομονή" ≈ "enduring, waiting". The modern Greek word "υπομονή" (ee-po-mo-NEE) ≈ "patience, enduring" as in waiting and comes from two parts.

• The modern Greek word "υπό" (ee-PO) ≈ "under".
• The modern Greek word "μονή" (mo-NEE) ≈ "remain".

The Bible Greek word means, literally, "remaining under" or "enduring". It does not necessarily mean doing so politely, without anger, etc., as one will often hear in sermons when imposing the modern English word "patience" on this Bible Greek word.

The English word "endure" is from the Middle English word "enduren" ≈ "endure" which, through French, is from the Latin word "induro" ≈ "to make hard". The Latin word is from the prefix "in-" and the Latin word "durus" ≈ "hard" which is the source of the English word "durable".

Since the Bible Greek word does not imply the "nice" characteristics of politely waiting, James goes on to explain what "enduring" means to the Christian.

These added constraints have thus contributed to the changed meaning of the word "patience" in modern English.

A few verses later, James talks about temptation. These verses have bearing on "patience".

The modern Greek word "υπόμενος" (ee-PO-meh-nos) ≈ "endure" is the word from which the word "patience" in the earlier verses is derived.

The original meaning of "suffer" was that of "allow", as in "suffer the children" or "endure" as in "suffer temptation".

In the letters of the early church father Clement to the churches, Michal W. Holmes in his book "The Apostolic Fathers" (3rd Edition, 2007) translates the above word as "patient endurance" (e.g. pages 52, 53).

James now talks about attributes that today have a lot in common with the modern meaning of "patience".

This addition to "enduring" as in "patience" is part of the modern definition of "patience".

In Bible times, "glass" was often used as a "mirror". In modern times, one encounters "carnival mirror sermons".

More: Carnival mirror sermons