Everything and all things: But wait, there's more

Have you ever heard an advertisement that tells you what you will get? And then, to add to the sales pitch as "but wait, there's more". How can you have "more" than "everything"? How about "all things"? That sounds like "infinite" or perhaps "more than infinite".

Years ago, on the news show 60 Minutes, Andy Rooney would wrap-up the hour with some little piece. One time, he did a piece about "and more" and used 60 minutes as an example and asked what the "and more" was. Was it him? After that, instead of "and more" the show would say, "and Andy Rooney".

The term "infinity", represented by "∞" (figure eight on its side) is often used to refer to a large but unspecified quantity/number.

The "all" of "infinity" would be a lot.
The first use of the infinity symbol as what today is described as a figure eight on its side is from 1655 by John Wallis. It is not clear how he arrived at this symbol.

Mathematics: -infinity to +infinity
Computers: finite representation, possibility for overflow

The infinite, as described by Plato and related by Aristotle, can mean infinitely big or infinitively small (through division).

More: Infinity beyond experience

The saying of Buzz Lightyear in Toy Story "To infinity and beyond!" is more figurative than literal.

In practical terms, infinity means "we do not know" (without going outside the system). One young child used the phrase "so many" (with the emphasis on the first syllable of "many") to indicate a large number.
As the space toy Buzz Lightyear in the animated Disney/Pixar movie Toy Story would say the modern Greek phrase "στο άπειρο και πέραν αυτού" (sto A-pee-ro keh PEH-ran av-TU) ≈ "to infinity and beyond", such as "to that which is yet not experienced and beyond".

Another way to say this is the modern Greek phrase "στο άπειρο και πάρα πέρα" (sto A-pee-ro keh PA-ra PEH-ra) ≈ "to infinity and beyond".

More: Infinity beyond experience

The ancient Greek word has (at least) two words for the English word "all" and one has two variations. The ancient Greek word "ὅλος" ≈ "whole, all" as in the English word "hologram".

The ancient Greek word (as a noun) "πάντα" ≈ "always, all, whole" and is related to the Greek god "Pan" and used in words such as "pandemic". As an adjective, the singular does not have exceptions but the plural may have exceptions.

The insight here is that the Greek word can mean "everything" as in "all things" but the primary meaning is "always". Context may force one meaning over the other meaning. In some cases, both meanings may make sense to one extent or the other.

Here we look at the difference between everything (just in case) and always (just in time). In some cases, some words that are translated as "everything" (space concept, which could be a lot - approaching infinity) might be better translated as "always" (time concept, just in time, as needed to solve the problem at hand).

In modern Greek, the two words "τα πάντα" (ta PAN-ta) ≈ "the everything" can be the source of a pun in Greek since the word "panda" (the bear-like animal) was a word brought into Greek that is spelled and pronounced the same way. No, not a "panda" bear, but "everything". In the animated movie Kung Fu Panda (2008), Po is "the panda".

The modern Greek word "πάντα" (PA-da) ≈ "always, everything, all".

Universal quantification involves "for all" within a certain domain set.

The symbol "∀" is read as "for all".
An example is as follows.

∀ x ∈ { 1 , 3 , 5 } : x is an odd number

This is read as "for all x in the set 1, 3, 5, x is an odd number"

The symbol "∈" is read as "in" which is short for "is an element of" (the domain set that follows).
The symbol ":" (colon) can be thought of as saying "such that" or "it is true that" (what follows).

More: Peano: symbols

The "there exists" symbol "∃", and many others, were created by the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano (1858-1932), many by reversing letters or turning them upside down.

Peano created the "or" symbol as "∨" from the letter "v" starting the Latin word "vel" ≈ "or". The "and" symbol "∧" is an upside down "or" symbol.

Other mathematicians then followed this convention in creating more symbols over time. One such symbol was the "for all" symbol "∀" first used in 1935 by logician Gerhard Gentzen (1909-1945) and called it, in German, "All-Zeichen", the "all character"

More: Peano: symbols

Mark 4:11 And he said unto them, Unto you it is given to know the mystery of the kingdom of God: but unto them that are without, all these things are done in parables: [kjv]

και ελεγεν αυτοις υμιν το μυστηριον δεδοται της βασιλειας του θεου εκεινοις δε τοις εξω εν παραβολαις τα παντα γινεται [gnt]

The Greek says just "the everything" but "all these things" are the implied meaning. One must now investigate what are "these things".

The Greek word for "mystery" has to do with an initiation into a group where what the group knows is, in some sense, a secret that is closed and not open.
The "parables", as explained by Jesus, use nouns as code words that are replaced with other nouns to help obtain the underlying meaning.

More: Initiation into an open and shut mystery

More: Parables and secret codes used and explained by Jesus

Mark 4:11

All

KJV: And he said unto them, Unto you it is given to know the mystery of the kingdom of God: but unto them that are without, all these things are done in parables:

Greek: και ελεγεν αυτοις υμιν δεδοται γνωναι το μυστηριονδεδοται της βασιλειας του θεου εκεινοις δε τοις εξω εν παραβολαις τα παντα γινεται

Latin: et dicebat eis vobis datum est mysterium regni Dei illis autem qui foris sunt in parabolis omnia fiunt

Wessex: & he saide heom. eow is ge-seald to witene godes rices ge-rinen. Þam þe ute synd ealle þing on byspellen ge-wurðað.

Wycliffe: And he seide to hem, To you it is youun to knowe the priuete of the kyngdom of God. But to hem that ben with outforth, alle thingis be maad in parablis, that thei seynge se,

1 Corinthians 12:18 But now hath God set the members every one of them in the body, as it hath pleased him. [kjv]

νυν δε ο θεος εθετο τα μελη εν εκαστον αυτων εν τω σωματι καθως ηθελησεν [gnt]

12:19 And if they were all one member, where were the body? [kjv]

ει δε ην τα παντα εν μελος που το σωμα [gnt]

12:20 But now are they many members, yet but one body. [kjv]

νυν δε πολλα μελη εν δε σωμα [gnt]

1 Corinthians 12:18

All

KJV: But now hath God set the members every one of them in the body, as it hath pleased him.

Greek: νυνι νυν δε ο θεος εθετο τα μελη εν εκαστον αυτων εν τω σωματι καθως ηθελησεν

1 Corinthians 12:19

All

KJV: And if they were all one member, where were the body?

Greek: ει δε ην τα παντα εν μελος που το σωμα

Latin: quod si essent omnia unum membrum ubi corpus

Wycliffe: That if alle weren o membre, where were the bodi?

Gothic: ith weseina tho alla ains lithus, hvar leik?

Luther: So aber alle Glieder ein Glied wären, wo bliebe der Leib?

Spanish: Que si todos fueran un solo miembro, ¿dónde estaría el cuerpo?

1 Corinthians 12:20

All

KJV: But now are they many members, yet but one body.

Greek: νυν δε πολλα μεν μελη εν δε σωμα

1 Corinthians 12:19 And if they were all one member, where were the body? [kjv]

ει δε ην τα παντα εν μελος που το σωμα [gnt]

… omnia … [v]

… alle … [wy]

… alla … [got]

… alle … [lu]

… todos … [es]

*	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Plural	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Plural	Neuter Sing.	Neuter Plural
Nom.	πᾶς	πᾰ́ντες	πᾶσᾰ	πᾶσαι	πᾶν	πᾰ́ντᾰ
Gen.	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων	πᾱ́σης	πᾱσῶν	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων
Dat.	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)	πᾱ́σῃ	πᾱ́σαις	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)
Acc.	πᾰ́ντᾰ	πᾰ́ντᾰς	πᾶν	πᾱ́σᾱς	πᾶσᾰν	πᾰ́ντᾰ

The ancient Greek word (adjective) "πᾶς" ≈ "all, every" (nominative masculine singular). The rules are as follows. It is not clear if these rules always apply.

In the singular, it is "each", "every", "all" of the domain that fits the context.
In the plural, this would be the domain as a "complete" unit. There could be exceptions.

This convention is the default meaning of the word for "all". The context will determine if there are exceptions, etc. For example, the singular means every one. For example, a verb in the subjunctive tense could modify that default meaning.

The English word "all" and makes no distinction as the Greek does.

Question: Is there any bread left?
Answer: No, it's all. (Pennsylvania rural saying, perhaps from the French)
Question: All what?

Apparently, it goes without saying!

That is, the saying goes without saying gone.

What did the husband say when the wife told him that she saw a fox on the way to work?

Husband: Where does the fox work?

Philippians 2:10 That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth; [kjv]

ινα εν τω ονοματι ιησου παν γονυ καμψη επουρανιων και επιγειων και καταχθονιων [gnt]

$Geometry angle$ The ancient Greek word "γόνυ" ≈ "knee" which is related to the Latin word "genu" ≈ "knee" and the Old English word "cneow" ≈ "knee".

The German word "Knie" ≈ "knee".
The Sanskrit word "जानु" (janu) ≈ "knee".

It is not hard to see how a word for "knee" could change into the word for "angle".

The Greek for "all" is singular so there are no exceptions unless modified, for example, by, say, a verb in the subjunctive tense. That is the case here.

Philippians 2:10 That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth; [kjv]

ινα εν τω ονοματι ιησου παν γονυ καμψη επουρανιων και επιγειων και καταχθονιων [gnt]

Philippians 2:10
Strong	Used	Unique	Word	Part of speech

The Greek for "all" is singular so there are no exceptions unless modified, for example, by, say, a verb in the subjunctive tense. That is the case here for "bow" or "bend".

That is, every single knee (no exceptions) should bow.

More: An opposite angle on the agony of punishment

Romans 14:11 For it is written, As I live, saith the Lord, every knee shall bow to me, and every tongue shall confess to God. [kjv]

γεγραπται γαρ ζω εγω λεγει κυριος οτι εμοι καμψει παν γονυ και πασα γλωσσα εξομολογησεται τω θεω [gnt]

*	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Plural	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Plural	Neuter Sing.	Neuter Plural
Nom.	πᾶς	πᾰ́ντες	πᾶσᾰ	πᾶσαι	πᾶν	πᾰ́ντᾰ
Gen.	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων	πᾱ́σης	πᾱσῶν	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων
Dat.	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)	πᾱ́σῃ	πᾱ́σαις	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)
Acc.	πᾰ́ντᾰ	πᾰ́ντᾰς	πᾶν	πᾱ́σᾱς	πᾶσᾰν	πᾰ́ντᾰ

Since the singular is used in both cases, there would be no exceptions.

The Greek word for "knee" is the word for "angle".

More: An opposite angle on the agony of punishment

Romans 14:11 For it is written, As I live, saith the Lord, every knee shall bow to me, and every tongue shall confess to God. [kjv]

γεγραπται γαρ ζω εγω λεγει κυριος οτι εμοι καμψει παν γονυ και πασα γλωσσα εξομολογησεται τω θεω [gnt]

Romans 14:11
Strong	Used	Unique	Word	Part of speech

To fully understand this verse, the context is needed.

Romans 14:11

All

KJV: For it is written, As I live, saith the Lord, every knee shall bow to me, and every tongue shall confess to God.

Greek: γεγραπται γαρ ζω εγω λεγει κυριος οτι εμοι καμψει παν γονυ και πασα γλωσσα εξομολογησεται τω θεω

Romans 14:9 For to this end Christ both died, and rose, and revived, that he might be Lord both of the dead and living. [kjv]

εις τουτο γαρ χριστος απεθανεν και εζησεν ινα και νεκρων και ζωντων κυριευση [gnt]

14:10 But why dost thou judge thy brother? or why dost thou set at nought thy brother? for we shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ. [kjv]

συ δε τι κρινεις τον αδελφον σου η και συ τι εξουθενεις τον αδελφον σου παντες γαρ παραστησομεθα τω βηματι του θεου [gnt]

14:11 For it is written, As I live, saith the Lord, every knee shall bow to me, and every tongue shall confess to God. [kjv]

γεγραπται γαρ ζω εγω λεγει κυριος οτι εμοι καμψει παν γονυ και πασα γλωσσα εξομολογησεται τω θεω [gnt]

14:12 So then every one of us shall give account of himself to God. [kjv]

αρα ουν εκαστος ημων περι εαυτου λογον δωσει τω θεω [gnt]

Paul writes the judgment seat of God. That seat is the "bema seat" which was part of the awards given in the (ancient) Olympic Games.

More: Victory and strife: bema seat

Romans 14:9

All

KJV: For to this end Christ both died, and rose, and revived, that he might be Lord both of the dead and living.

Greek: εις τουτο γαρ χριστος και απεθανεν και ανεστη και ανεζησεν εζησεν ινα και νεκρων και ζωντων κυριευση

Romans 14:10

All

KJV: But why dost thou judge thy brother? or why dost thou set at nought thy brother? for we shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ.

Greek: συ δε τι κρινεις τον αδελφον σου η και συ τι εξουθενεις τον αδελφον σου παντες γαρ παραστησομεθα τω βηματι του χριστου θεου

Romans 14:12

All

KJV: So then every one of us shall give account of himself to God.

Greek: αρα ουν εκαστος ημων περι εαυτου λογον δωσει τω θεω

Matthew 2:3 When Herod the king had heard these things, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him. [kjv]

ακουσας δε ο βασιλευς ηρωδης εταραχθη και πασα ιεροσολυμα μετ αυτου [gnt]

*	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Plural	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Plural	Neuter Sing.	Neuter Plural
Nom.	πᾶς	πᾰ́ντες	πᾶσᾰ	πᾶσαι	πᾶν	πᾰ́ντᾰ
Gen.	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων	πᾱ́σης	πᾱσῶν	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων
Dat.	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)	πᾱ́σῃ	πᾱ́σαις	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)
Acc.	πᾰ́ντᾰ	πᾰ́ντᾰς	πᾶν	πᾱ́σᾱς	πᾶσᾰν	πᾰ́ντᾰ

There is only one Jerusalem (nominative feminine singular noun). The Greek word for "all" is singular. Thus, it refers to Jerusalem as a whole. There may be exceptions within Jerusalem. As has happened throughout history (and classes, ask any teacher), there are always some who may not know what is happening.

More: Herod the Great and Parthia

Matthew 2:3

All

KJV: When Herod the king had heard these things, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him.

Greek: ακουσας δε ηρωδης ο βασιλευς ηρωδης εταραχθη και πασα ιεροσολυμα μετ αυτου

John 13:10 Jesus saith to him, He that is washed needeth not save to wash his feet, but is clean every whit: and ye are clean, but not all. [kjv]

λεγει αυτω ο ιησους ο λελουμενος ουκ εχει χρειαν ειμη τους ποδας νιψασθαι αλλ εστιν καθαρος ολος και υμεις καθαροι εστε αλλ ουχι παντες [gnt]

*	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Plural	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Plural	Neuter Sing.	Neuter Plural
Nom.	πᾶς	πᾰ́ντες	πᾶσᾰ	πᾶσαι	πᾶν	πᾰ́ντᾰ
Gen.	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων	πᾱ́σης	πᾱσῶν	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων
Dat.	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)	πᾱ́σῃ	πᾱ́σαις	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)
Acc.	πᾰ́ντᾰ	πᾰ́ντᾰς	πᾶν	πᾱ́σᾱς	πᾶσᾰν	πᾰ́ντᾰ

The ancient Greek word "παντες" ≈ "all" (nominative masculine plural). That is, there may be exceptions. In this case, Judas is the one that is not clean.

The ancient Greek word "ὅλος" ≈ "whole, all" as in the English word "hologram".

John 13:10 Jesus saith to him, He that is washed needeth not save to wash his feet, but is clean every whit: and ye are clean, but not all. [kjv]

… mundus totus … mundi … omnes [v]

The Latin word "omnis" ≈ "all, every" but makes no distinction as the Greek does but does have the word "totus" ≈ "whole, all, entire, total".

Latin saying: minus est tamen totum dicere, quam omnia (Quintilian)
English: it is less to say the whole, than all the parts

The ancient Greek word "ὅλος" ≈ "whole, all" as in the English word "hologram".

The Middle English word "whit" ≈ "white, pale, light" (in color) and is the source of the English word "white".

John 13:10 Jesus saith to him, He that is washed needeth not save to wash his feet, but is clean every whit: and ye are clean, but not all. [kjv]

… mundus totus … mundi … omnes [v]

The Greek word for "clean" is that of "pure". The Latin word "mundus" ≈ "clean, pure" but could mean "decorations" or "ornaments".

The "feet" or "fish" need washed in the blood but the "hands" (pigs) do not need it again and the "head" (Christ) or "hair" (sheep, goats) do not need it. There appears to be no hope for the birds (if they remain birds).

More: Matthew 5:8 Blessed are the pure in heart

More: Matthew 23:26 Cleaning the cup and bowl

John 13:10

All

KJV: Jesus saith to him, He that is washed needeth not save to wash his feet, but is clean every whit: and ye are clean, but not all.

Greek: λεγει αυτω ο ιησους ο λελουμενος ου χρειαν ουκ εχει η χρειαν ει μη τους ποδας νιψασθαι αλλ εστιν καθαρος ολος και υμεις καθαροι εστε αλλ ουχι παντες

Latin: dicit ei Iesus qui lotus est non indiget ut lavet sed est mundus totus et vos mundi estis sed non omnes

Matthew 13:25 But while men slept, his enemy came and sowed tares among the wheat, and went his way. [kjv]

εν δε τω καθευδειν τους ανθρωπους ηλθεν αυτου ο εχθρος και επεσπειρεν ζιζανια ανα μεσον του σιτου και απηλθεν [gnt]

13:33 Another parable spake he unto them; The kingdom of heaven is like unto leaven, which a woman took, and hid in three measures of meal, till the whole was leavened. [kjv]

αλλην παραβολην ελαλησεν αυτοις ομοια εστιν η βασιλεια των ουρανων ζυμη ην λαβουσα γυνη ενεκρυψεν εις αλευρου σατα τρια εως ου εζυμωθη ολον [gnt]

"καθολικός," ≈ "universal" is from "καθόλου" ≈ "at all" is from:

"καθ" ≈ "according to" and
"ὅλος" ≈ "whole, all".
Verse 25 start: "καθεύδω" ≈ "lie down to sleep, be still, be idle"
Verse 33 end: "ολον" ≈ "whole" as in "the whole lump" (verse 33)

Verse 25 has the beginning of "catholic" near the beginning and verse 33 has the ending of "catholic" at the end. Is this just random chance or might this have been on purpose?

More: Matthew 13: Fourth kingdom parable: measures three

Romans 3:22 Even the righteousness of God which is by faith of Jesus Christ unto all and upon all them that believe: for there is no difference: [kjv]

δικαιοσυνη δε θεου δια πιστεως ιησου χριστου εις παντας τους πιστευοντας ου γαρ εστιν διαστολη [gnt]

3:23 For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God; [kjv]

παντες γαρ ημαρτον και υστερουνται της δοξης του θεου [gnt]

*	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Plural	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Plural	Neuter Sing.	Neuter Plural
Nom.	πᾶς	πᾰ́ντες	πᾶσᾰ	πᾶσαι	πᾶν	πᾰ́ντᾰ
Gen.	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων	πᾱ́σης	πᾱσῶν	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων
Dat.	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)	πᾱ́σῃ	πᾱ́σαις	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)
Acc.	πᾰ́ντᾰ	πᾰ́ντᾰς	πᾶν	πᾱ́σᾱς	πᾶσᾰν	πᾰ́ντᾰ

The ancient Greek word "πᾶς" ≈ "all, every".

In the singular, it is "each", "every", "all" of the domain that fits the context.
In the plural, this would be the domain as a "complete" unit. There could be exceptions. Who might be an exception?

The ancient Greek word "γάρ" ≈ "for, since" (never the first word in a sentence or phrase). The modern Greek word "γαρ" (ghar) ≈ "as well as".

Romans 3:22 Even the righteousness of God which is by faith of Jesus Christ unto all and upon all them that believe: for there is no difference: [kjv]

δικαιοσυνη δε θεου δια πιστεως ιησου χριστου εις παντας τους πιστευοντας ου γαρ εστιν διαστολη [gnt]

iustitia … per fidem … super omnes … credunt … distinctio [v]

The ancient Greek word "διαστολή" ≈ "distinction" as, literally, something observed, "through the clothing" that is worn. Such a "distinction" is dependent on the viewpoint of the observer.

The KJV (King James Version) translation of "difference" is influenced by the Latin word "distinctio" ≈ "difference, distinction" and which is the source of the English word "distinction".

*G1293 *3 διαστολή (dee-as-tol-ay') : from G1291; a variation:--difference, distinction.

Usage

All

διαστολη *2

Romans 3:22 ... for there is no difference:
Romans 10:12 For there is no difference between the Jew and ...

διαστολην

1 Corinthians 14:7 ... harp, except they give a distinction in the sounds, how shall it be known ...

*G1293 *3 διαστολή (dee-as-tol-ay') : from G1291; a variation:--difference, distinction.

Words: διαστολη=2 διαστολην

"διά" ≈ "through".
"στολή" ≈ "clothing".

Greek has a very common word for "difference" which is more general and objective and not dependent on viewpoint.. The ancient Greek word "διαφέρω" ≈ "carried through, different" with a sense of a "different" way or type as in it "makes a difference". The KJV sometimes (incorrectly) translates this word as "better".

The modern Greek word "διαφέρω" (thee-a-FEH-ro) ≈ "different".

*G1308 *13 διαφέρω (dee-af-er'-o) : from G1223 and G5342; to bear through, i.e. (literally) transport; usually to bear apart, i.e. (objectively) to toss about (figuratively, report); subjectively, to "differ", or (by implication) surpass:--be better, carry, differ from, drive up and down, be (more) excellent, make matter, publish, be of more value.

Romans 3:22

All

KJV: Even the righteousness of God which is by faith of Jesus Christ unto all and upon all them that believe: for there is no difference:

Greek: δικαιοσυνη δε θεου δια πιστεως ιησου χριστου εις παντας και επι παντας τους πιστευοντας ου γαρ εστιν διαστολη

Latin: iustitia autem Dei per fidem Iesu Christi super omnes qui credunt non enim est distinctio

Romans 3:23

All

KJV: For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God;

Greek: παντες γαρ ημαρτον και υστερουνται της δοξης του θεου

Latin: omnes enim peccaverunt et egent gloriam Dei

Wycliffe: For alle men synneden, and han nede to the glorie of God;

Tyndale: for all have synned and lacke the prayse yt is of valoure before God:

Romans 3:23 For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God; [kjv]

παντες γαρ ημαρτον και υστερουνται της δοξης του θεου [gnt]

If sinners were not allowed in church, there would be no one allowed in church.

The Greek here for "all" is plural which means there may be exceptions. Who might be an exception?
The ancient Greek word "ἁμαρτία" ≈ "error, mistake, fault, sin" as in, literally, "not a witness". The Greek for "glory" is that of "opinion". Anything that is "not a witness" for God "falls short" or "lags behind" of God's "opinion" or "expectation".

In logical reasoning, one should not universally quantify something without specifying the domain to which it applies and how it applies. The "for all" would appear to refer to "men" who are not "God" (as in "Jesus").

More: A martyred witness to a translation error

More: Whether this or that: What is your opinion on glory?

More: Expectation of a glorious Greek opinion on a doxology

Paraphrase: For all have not been a (good) witness (of God) and not approached the opinion of God

More: Whether this or that: What is your opinion on glory?

Romans 3:23 For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God; [kjv]

παντες γαρ ημαρτον και υστερουνται της δοξης του θεου [gnt]

Do we need to come up to the "glory" of God? Perhaps a pastor could help us with that seemingly unattainable quest.

"υστερούντα" ≈ "lag behind, be late".
"δόξα" ≈ "opinion, expectation".

Paraphrase: All (with possible exceptions) have not been a (good) witness (for God) and have lagged behind the opinion/expectation of God.

It appears we do not have to reach the level of God. God has an expectation/opinion of where we should be and we are lagging behind that expectation/opinion. This appears to be in line with Eastern Orthodox thought.

More: Sin and good people

Here is a dialog from the TV series M*A*S*H (1972-1983) that, essentially, misrepresents the Bible and what Jesus says to, as was often done in that show, make fun of Christians in a subtle way while promoting certain political and/or social and/or humanistic views.

Hawkeye: War isn't Hell. War is war, and Hell is Hell. And of the two, war is a lot worse.
Father Mulcahy: How do you figure that, Hawkeye?
Hawkeye: Easy, Father. Tell me. Who goes to Hell?
Father Mulcahy: Um, sinners, I believe.
Hawkeye: Exactly. There are no innocent bystanders in Hell, but war is chock full of them - little kids, cripples, old ladies. In fact, except for a few of the brass, almost everybody involved is an innocent bystander.

Notice how Father Mulcahy does not really know (making him look stupid) as he gives an incorrect (but partially correct and deceptive) answer. The correct answer is "sinners who do not repent" since "all have sinned". Jesus also talks about "innocent bystanders" (e.g., the tower of Siloam in Luke 13:4-5).

Discuss: Is it appropriate for a pastor to use this dialog in a sermon without pointing out the inaccuracies or misleading parts? Does doing so rise to the level of outright deception on the part of the pastor? Would it constitute "idle words" which, if not "accounted for" rise to the level of the "unpardonable sin"?

Note: MASH is an acronym for Mobile Army Surgical Hospital.

More: Matthew 12:30-37 Pardon the idle word counting

More: Acronyms: modern and ancient

Romans 3:23 For all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God; [kjv]

παντες γαρ ημαρτον και υστερουνται της δοξης του θεου [gnt]

omnes enim peccaverunt … egent gloriam … [v]

παντες γαρ ημαρτον και υστερουνται της δοξης του θεου [gnt]

A possible root cause of "sin" is "genetics". We are born with that tendency.

The goal is not to be "sinless" but to "sin" less.

[HIV-positive vs. SIN-positive]

More: Jeremiah 13: Nature and nurture and leopard spots

John 14:26 But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you. [kjv]

ο δε παρακλητος το πνευμα το αγιον ο πεμψει ο πατηρ εν τω ονοματι μου εκεινος υμας διδαξει παντα και υπομνησει υμας παντα α ειπον υμιν εγω [gnt]

In marketing, promising more in a misleading way is considered deceptive. There are some people who will market the Bible, in some places, by promising more than is actually there. Have you ever heard someone "quote" the Bible (out of context) and say the following?

The Holy Spirit will teach you all things.

Yes it does say that (in English), but one should read the entire verse and the surrounding verses (in Greek) for context.

*	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Plural	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Plural	Neuter Sing.	Neuter Plural
Nom.	πᾶς	πᾰ́ντες	πᾶσᾰ	πᾶσαι	πᾶν	πᾰ́ντᾰ
Gen.	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων	πᾱ́σης	πᾱσῶν	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων
Dat.	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)	πᾱ́σῃ	πᾱ́σαις	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)
Acc.	πᾰ́ντᾰ	πᾰ́ντᾰς	πᾶν	πᾱ́σᾱς	πᾶσᾰν	πᾰ́ντᾰ

The plural form of "all" means that there may be exceptions.

The verse itself (in English) has the disclaimer "whatsoever I have said unto you".

John 14:26

All

KJV: But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you.

Greek: ο δε παρακλητος το πνευμα το αγιον ο πεμψει ο πατηρ εν τω ονοματι μου εκεινος υμας διδαξει παντα και υπομνησει υμας παντα α ειπον υμιν εγω

Note how in the KJV the "all things" is conditioned on "whatsoever I have said unto you".

What makes more sense here for the Holy Spirit?

The Holy Spirit will teach you "all things". That could be an enormous amount of things.
The Holy Spirit will teach you "always".

Wait, there's more! How long might that take for the Holy Spirit to teach us "all things"?

Luke 12:12 For the Holy Ghost shall teach you in the same hour what ye ought to say. [kjv]

το γαρ αγιον πνευμα διδαξει υμας εν αυτη τη ωρα α δει ειπειν [gnt]

Apparently one does not need to be taught "everything" by the Holy Spirit.

One will be "taught" just in time for what needs to be said. That will work if the Holy Spirit is available to teach always.

That principle has been used in business for many years now.

Luke 12:12

All

KJV: For the Holy Ghost shall teach you in the same hour what ye ought to say.

Greek: το γαρ αγιον πνευμα διδαξει υμας εν αυτη τη ωρα α δει ειπειν

Latin: Spiritus enim Sanctus docebit vos in ipsa hora quae oporteat dicere

Wessex: halig gast eow laerð on þare tide þthþing þe eow spaecan ge-byreð.

Tyndale: For the holy goost shall teache you in the same houre what ye ought to saye.

Storing inventory has a storage cost, can go bad, might be lost, etc.

Eager strategy - do it now in case it is needed - JIC (Just In Case) it is needed strategy (kitchen sink approach)
Lazy strategy - delay until just when it is needed - JIT (Just In Time) as it is needed strategy.

There are crucial elements to systems that cannot be known in advance. Project planning requires an iterative process. You can't do it once and be done with it (e.g., the Waterfall method).
Book: Dynamics of software development

The goal on a software development project is not to have the correct plan in advance but to make the right decisions every day as things that were unknown become known. James McCarthy (Microsoft software developer and manager)

McCarthy, J. (1995). Dynamics of Software Development. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press., p. 101.

More: James McCarthy

*G3956 *1221 πᾶς (pas) : including all the forms of declension; apparently a primary word; all, any, every, the whole:--all (manner of, means), alway(-s), any (one), X daily, + ever, every (one, way), as many as, + no(-thing), X thoroughly, whatsoever, whole, whosoever.

Words: παν=75 παντα=260 παντας=89 παντες=175 παντι=59 παντος=24 παντων=133 πας=96 πασα=46 πασαι=16 πασαις=6 πασαν=56 πασας=10 παση=45 πασης=42 πασι=5 πασιν=83 πασων=5

The ancient Greek word "πας" ≈ "all, every, each, whole". There are many Greek variations of this word.

Luke 21:36 Watch ye therefore, and pray always, that ye may be accounted worthy to escape all these things that shall come to pass, and to stand before the Son of man. [kjv]

αγρυπνειτε δε εν παντι καιρω δεομενοι ινα κατισχυσητε εκφυγειν ταυτα παντα τα μελλοντα γινεσθαι και σταθηναι εμπροσθεν του υιου του ανθρωπου [gnt]

*	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Plural	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Plural	Neuter Sing.	Neuter Plural
Nom.	πᾶς	πᾰ́ντες	πᾶσᾰ	πᾶσαι	πᾶν	πᾰ́ντᾰ
Gen.	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων	πᾱ́σης	πᾱσῶν	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων
Dat.	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)	πᾱ́σῃ	πᾱ́σαις	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)
Acc.	πᾰ́ντᾰ	πᾰ́ντᾰς	πᾶν	πᾱ́σᾱς	πᾶσᾰν	πᾰ́ντᾰ

Luke 21:36

All

KJV: Watch ye therefore, and pray always, that ye may be accounted worthy to escape all these things that shall come to pass, and to stand before the Son of man.

Greek: αγρυπνειτε ουν δε εν παντι καιρω δεομενοι ινα καταξιωθητε κατισχυσητε εκφυγειν ταυτα παντα τα μελλοντα γινεσθαι και σταθηναι εμπροσθεν του υιου του ανθρωπου

Latin: vigilate itaque omni tempore orantes ut digni habeamini fugere ista omnia quae futura sunt et stare ante Filium hominis

Wessex: wakieð on aelcere tide & biddað þt ge wurðe syn. þt ge þas to-wearde þing for-flean & standen be-foran mannes sune.

Wycliffe: Therfor wake ye, preiynge in ech tyme, that ye be hadde worthi to fle alle these thingis that ben to come, and to stonde bifor mannus sone.

Tyndale: Watche therfore continually and praye that ye maye obtayne grace to flye all this that shall come and that ye maye stonde before the sonne of man.

Luther: So seid nun wacker allezeit und betet, daß ihr würdig werden möget, zu entfliehen diesem allem, was geschehen soll, und zu stehen vor des Menschen Sohn.

Matthew 7:8 For every one that asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened. [kjv]

πας γαρ ο αιτων λαμβανει και ο ζητων ευρισκει και τω κρουοντι ανοιγησεται [gnt]

Matthew 7:8

All

KJV: For every one that asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened.

Greek: πας γαρ ο αιτων λαμβανει και ο ζητων ευρισκει και τω κρουοντι ανοιγησεται

Latin: omnis enim qui petit accipit et qui quaerit invenit et pulsanti aperietur

Wessex: Witodliche aelch þare þe bit he on-fehð. & se þe sechð. he hyt fint, & þan cnokienden beoð un-tyned.

Wycliffe: For ech that axith, takith; and he that sekith, fyndith; and it schal be openyd to hym, that knockith.

Matthew 28:19 Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: [kjv]

πορευθεντες ουν μαθητευσατε παντα τα εθνη βαπτιζοντες αυτους εις το ονομα του πατρος και του υιου και του αγιου πνευματος [gnt]

28:20 Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen. [kjv]

διδασκοντες αυτους τηρειν παντα οσα ενετειλαμην υμιν και ιδου εγω μεθ υμων ειμι πασας τας ημερας εως της συντελειας του αιωνος [gnt]

Before Jesus leaves into the heavens, he says the following, as part of what is called the "Great Commission" (mandate in Latin).

So Jesus says he will be with us "always". But how? This is done by the Holy Spirit. Would Jesus ask you to "teach" others and not be there to always "teach" you?

Jesus will be "always" there but may not teach us "everything" or "all things". Jesus, through the Holy Spirit, will "teach" or "remind" us of those things that he taught his disciples.

In this manner, there are no glaring contradictions in the scripture.

Matthew 28:19

All

KJV: Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost:

Greek: πορευθεντες ουν μαθητευσατε παντα τα εθνη βαπτιζοντες αυτους εις το ονομα του πατρος και του υιου και του αγιου πνευματος

Matthew 28:20

All

KJV: Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen.

Greek: διδασκοντες αυτους τηρειν παντα οσα ενετειλαμην υμιν και ιδου εγω μεθ υμων ειμι πασας τας ημερας εως της συντελειας του αιωνος αμην

Latin: docentes eos servare omnia quaecumque mandavi vobis et ecce ego vobiscum sum omnibus diebus usque ad consummationem saeculi

Wycliffe: techynge hem to kepe alle thingis, what euer thingis Y haue comaundid to you; and lo! Y am with you in alle daies, in to the ende of the world.

Tyndale: Teachinge them to observe all thynges what soever I comcommaunded you. And lo I am with you all waye even vntyll the ende of the worlde.

Philippians 2:9 Wherefore God also hath highly exalted him, and given him a name which is above every name: [kjv]

διο και ο θεος αυτον υπερυψωσεν και εχαρισατο αυτω το ονομα το υπερ παν ονομα [gnt]

2:10 That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth; [kjv]

ινα εν τω ονοματι ιησου παν γονυ καμψη επουρανιων και επιγειων και καταχθονιων [gnt]

2:11 And that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father. [kjv]

και πασα γλωσσα εξομολογησηται οτι κυριος ιησους χριστος εις δοξαν θεου πατρος [gnt]

*	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Plural	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Plural	Neuter Sing.	Neuter Plural
Nom.	πᾶς	πᾰ́ντες	πᾶσᾰ	πᾶσαι	πᾶν	πᾰ́ντᾰ
Gen.	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων	πᾱ́σης	πᾱσῶν	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων
Dat.	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)	πᾱ́σῃ	πᾱ́σαις	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)
Acc.	πᾰ́ντᾰ	πᾰ́ντᾰς	πᾶν	πᾱ́σᾱς	πᾶσᾰν	πᾰ́ντᾰ

Philippians 2:9

All

KJV: Wherefore God also hath highly exalted him, and given him a name which is above every name:

Greek: διο και ο θεος αυτον υπερυψωσεν και εχαρισατο αυτω το ονομα το υπερ παν ονομα

Philippians 2:10

All

KJV: That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth;

Greek: ινα εν τω ονοματι ιησου παν γονυ καμψη επουρανιων και επιγειων και καταχθονιων

Philippians 2:11

All

KJV: And that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.

Greek: και πασα γλωσσα εξομολογησηται οτι κυριος ιησους χριστος εις δοξαν θεου πατρος

Matthew 23:3 All therefore whatsoever they bid you observe, that observe and do; but do not ye after their works: for they say, and do not. [kjv]

παντα ουν οσα εαν ειπωσιν υμιν ποιησατε και τηρειτε κατα δε τα εργα αυτων μη ποιειτε λεγεουσιν γαρ και ου ποιουσιν [gnt]

Here are the first four Greek words in the verse.

"πάντα" ≈ "always, all, whole". A usage of plural means "all" as "everything" is taken as a whole and there may be exceptions within that whole.
"οὔν" ≈ "therefore". This statement is predicated on previous statements. In this case, the religious elite sit in the seat of Moses (previous verse).
"ὅσα" ≈ "as far as" which is a synonym of "ὡς" ≈ "like, as, according to". This word indicates that there may be exceptions to what follows.
"ἐάν" ≈ "if, when". This is a conditional that is dependent on the following precondition for the following postcondition to apply (bottom-up reasoning).

Paraphrase: All (with exceptions) therefore as far as (with exceptions) if/when (requirement to apply) they say to you ...

The KJV use of all ... whatsoever in the English of today does not capture the meaning of the Greek.

Matthew 23:3 All therefore whatsoever they bid you observe, that observe and do; but do not ye after their works: for they say, and do not. [kjv]

*	Masc. Sing.	Masc. Plural	Fem. Sing.	Fem. Plural	Neuter Sing.	Neuter Plural
Nom.	πᾶς	πᾰ́ντες	πᾶσᾰ	πᾶσαι	πᾶν	πᾰ́ντᾰ
Gen.	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων	πᾱ́σης	πᾱσῶν	πᾰντός	πᾰ́ντων
Dat.	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)	πᾱ́σῃ	πᾱ́σαις	́πᾰντῐ́	πᾶσῐ(ν)
Acc.	πᾰ́ντᾰ	πᾰ́ντᾰς	πᾶν	πᾱ́σᾱς	πᾶσᾰν	πᾰ́ντᾰ

The ancient Greek word "πάντα" ≈ "always, all, whole".
A usage of plural means "all" as "everything" is taken as a whole and there may be exceptions within that whole. A usage of singular would mean that there are no exceptions.

In this case, the Greek word used in the accusative could be masculine singular or neuter plural.

More: Matthew 23:1-4 Jesus fingers the talk about works

1 Thessalonians 5:18 In every thing give thanks: for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus concerning you. [kjv]

εν παντι ευχαριστειτε τουτο γαρ θελημα θεου εν χριστω ιησου εις υμας [gnt]

… omnibus gratias … voluntas … [v]

… dankbar … allen … Wille … [lu]

Giving thanks for each and every thing could be quite a big list. There is a Greek word for "everything" or "all". The modern English word "all" is from the Middle English word "eall" ≈ "all, every".

The ancient Greek word "όλη" ≈ "all".
The modern Greek word "όλη" (O-lee) ≈ "all".
The German word "alle" ≈ "all".

All these words are related to the PIE (Proto Indo-European) root "HEL" ≈ "beyond, other".

1 Thessalonians 5:18 In every thing give thanks: for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus concerning you. [kjv]

εν παντι ευχαριστειτε τουτο γαρ θελημα θεου εν χριστω ιησου εις υμας [gnt]

… omnibus gratias … voluntas … [v]

… dankbar … allen … Wille … [lu]

… gracias … todo… voluntad … [es]

The ancient Greek word "εὐχαριστῶ" ≈ "thank you" and is the source of the English word "Eucharist".

The Latin word "gratias" ≈ "thanks", as in English "gratitude", and which is the source of the English word "grace" as in the common female name "Grace".
The Spanish word "gracias" ≈ "thank you".

The word "thank" is related to the word "think".

The German word "danken" ≈ "thank".
The German word "denken" ≈ "think".

More: Thank you for giving thanks and for Thanksgiving

Rather than specify what one has done, management may generalize what you have done as "Thank you for all that you do".
Translation: It is too hard to actually determine what you did or list everything that you did. It is much less for us to make a vague general statement that covers everything that you might have done.

Here is the math for "Thank you for all that you do".

what you do

thank you

1 Thessalonians 5:18

All

KJV: In every thing give thanks: for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus concerning you.

Greek: εν παντι ευχαριστειτε τουτο γαρ θελημα θεου εν χριστω ιησου εις υμας

Latin: in omnibus gratias agite haec enim voluntas Dei est in Christo Iesu in omnibus vobis

Luther: Seid dankbar in allen Dingen; denn das ist der Wille Gottes in Christo Jesu an euch.

Spanish: Dad gracias en todo; porqueésta es la voluntad de Dios para con vosotros en Cristo Jesús.

"όλη" ≈ "all".
"γραμμή" ≈ "stroke of a pen, line".

The Greek word for "all" or "whole" is the first part of "hologram", coined by Dennis Gabor in 1948 (Nobel prize in 1971 for his work on holography). The word LASER (Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is an acronym, often written as "laser".

More: Lasers and holograms

Matthew 22:37 Jesus said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. [kjv]

ο δε εφη αυτω αγαπησεις κυριον τον θεον σου εν ολη καρδια σου και εν ολη τη ψυχη σου και εν ολη τη διανοια σου [gnt]

… toto … tota … tota … [v]

The ancient Greek word "όλη" ≈ "all".
The Latin word "omnis" ≈ "every, all" and is the source of English words with the prefix "omni" such as "omnipotent", "omnibus", etc.
The Latin word "totus" ≈ "whole, entire" and is the source of the English word "total".

To understand the difference (above verse and verse below), the Latin phrase (by Quintilian) is "minus est tamen totum dicere, quam omnia" ≈ "it is less to say the whole, than all the parts".

Matthew 22:37

All

KJV: Jesus said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind.

Greek: ο δε ιησους ειπεν εφη αυτω αγαπησεις κυριον τον θεον σου εν ολητη καρδια σου και εν ολη τη ψυχη σου και εν ολη τη διανοια σου

Latin: ait illi Iesus diliges Dominum Deum tuum ex toto corde tuo et in tota anima tua et in tota mente tua

Wessex: Ða cwaeð se haelend. Lufe drihten þinne god on ealre þinre heorten. & on alre þinre sawle. & on eallen þine mode.

Wycliffe: Jhesus seide to him, Thou schalt loue thi Lord God, of al thin herte, and in al thi soule, and in al thi mynde.

Spanish: Jesús le dijo: Amarás al Señor tu Dios con todo tu corazón, y con toda tu alma, y con toda tu mente.

*G3650 *109 ὅλος (hol'-os) : a primary word; "whole" or "all", i.e. complete (in extent, amount, time or degree), especially (neuter) as noun or adverb:--all, altogether, every whit, + throughout, whole.

Words: ολη=22 ολην=20 ολης=18 ολον=35 ολος=4 ολου=3 ολους ολω=6

The ancient Greek word "όλη" ≈ "all".

Amos 5:21 I hate, I despise your feast days, and I will not smell in your solemn assemblies. [kjv]

μεμισηκα απωσμαι εορτας υμων και ου μη οσφρανθω εν ταις πανηγυρεσιν υμων [lxx]

5:22 Though ye offer me burnt offerings and your meat offerings, I will not accept them: neither will I regard the peace offerings of your fat beasts. [kjv]

διοτι και εαν ενεγκητε μοι ολοκαυτωματα και θυσιας υμων ου προσδεξομαι αυτα και σωτηριου επιφανειας υμων ουκ επιβλεψομαι [lxx]

The English word "holocaust" comes, through French and Latin, from the ancient Greek word "ὁλόκαυστος " ≈ "wholly burnt" as in a "burnt offering".

"ὅλος" ≈ "whole, entire" as in the first part of the English word "hologram".
"καίω" ≈ "to burn" and is related to the English word "caustic".

More: Lasers and holograms

More: Amos 5: The yoke of compulsion

Psalms 130:6 My soul waiteth for the Lord more than they that watch for the morning: I say, more than they that watch for the morning. [kjv]

ηλπισεν η ψυχη μου επι τον κυριον απο φυλακης πρωιας μεχρι νυκτος απο φυλακης πρωιας ελπισατω ισραηλ επι τον κυριον [lxx]

… vigilia … expectet … [v]

The modern Greek word "ελπίζω" (ehl-PEE-zo) ≈ "hope" as in "waiting" expectantly.
The modern Greek word "φυλακή" (fee-la-KEE) ≈ "watch, prison" from the ancient Greek word "φυλακή" ≈ "watch, prison" where "prison" was one way to be "watched".

The word "more" is not directly in the LXX (Septuagint).

The Latin has two words for "watch" or "wait" that are used here - the Greek LXX uses but one word.

The Latin word "vigilia" ≈ "wait, watch" and is the source of the English word "vigilant".
The Latin word "expectet" ≈ "wait, hope" and is the source of the English word "expect".

Psalms 130:6

All

KJV: My soul waiteth for the Lord more than they that watch for the morning: I say, more than they that watch for the morning.

Hebrew: נפשי לאדני משמרים לבקר שמרים לבקר׃

Greek: ηλπισεν η ψυχη μου επι τον κυριον απο φυλακης πρωιας μεχρι νυκτος απο φυλακης πρωιας ελπισατω ισραηλ επι τον κυριον

Latin: a vigilia matutina usque ad vigiliam matutinam expectet Israhel Dominum

Ephesians 3:14 For this cause I bow my knees unto the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, [kjv]

τουτου χαριν καμπτω τα γονατα μου προς τον πατερα [gnt]

The ancient Greek word "κάμπτω" ≈ "bend, curve, turn" and appears to be related to the Latin word "campus" ≈ "flat level ground" and is the source, through New Latin, of the English word "campus" as part of a physical learning environment and the English word "camp" (which is easier on flat level ground) and the English word "campus".

The ancient Greek word "γόνυ" ≈ "knee" which is related to the Latin word "genu" ≈ "knee" and the Old English word "cneow" ≈ "knee".