- *G696 *4 ἄργυρος (ar'-goo-ros) : from argos (shining); silver (the metal, in the articles or coin):--silver.
- αργυρον
- Matthew 10:9 Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor brass in ...
- αργυρω
- Acts 17:29 ... like unto gold, or silver, or stone, graven ...
- αργυρος
- James 5:3 Your gold and silver is cankered; and the rust ...
- αργυρου
- Revelation 18:12 The merchandise of gold, and silver, and precious stones, ...
23. Isaiah 40:22
KJV: It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in:
Hebrew: הישב על חוג הארץ וישביה כחגבים הנוטה כדק שמים וימתחם כאהל לשבת׃
Greek: ο κατεχων τον γυρον της γης και οι ενοικουντες εν αυτη ως ακριδες ο στησας ως καμαραν τον ουρανον και διατεινας ως σκηνην κατοικειν
Latin: qui sedet super gyrum terrae et habitatores eius sunt quasi lucustae qui extendit velut nihilum caelos et expandit eos sicut tabernaculum ad inhabitandum
Wycliffe: Which sittith on the cumpas of erthe, and the dwelleris therof ben as locustis; which stretchith forth heuenes as nouyt, and spredith abrood tho as a tabernacle to dwelle.
Luther: Er sitzt über dem Kreis der Erde; und die darauf wohnen, sind wie Heuschrecken. Der den Himmel ausdehnet wie ein dünn Fell und breitet sie aus wie eine Hütte, da man innen wohnet;
24. Isaiah 40:22 Hebrew khug
Isaiah 40:22 It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in: [kjv]
… חוג … [he]
*H2329 חוּג (khoog) : from H2328; a circle:--circle, circuit, compass.
The Hebrew word
"חוג" (khug) ≈ "circle, circuit" and can be translated as
"ball" or
"globe".
25. Geometry, dimensions and hyperspaces
Isaiah 34:4 And all the host of heaven shall be dissolved, and the heavens shall be rolled together as a scroll: and all their host shall fall down, as the leaf falleth off from the vine, and as a falling fig from the fig tree. [kjv]
και ελιγησεται ο ουρανος ως βιβλιον και παντα τα αστρα πεσειται ως φυλλα εξ αμπελου και ως πιπτει φυλλα απο συκης [lxx]
Geometry is the study of space. Take a flat piece of paper that models a plane. To
roll it up, you need another
dimension. Another way to think about it is to "
fold" rather than
"roll".
There are many ways to represent dimensions. A dimension is a way of looking at something. Most people think of dimensions in geometry. Geometry is used here for a discussion on dimensions.
26. Hyperspace
Five or more distinct points determine a hyper-space. A hyper-space can depict four or more dimensions, called 4D (or more).
Two spaces, not the same space, determine a hyperspace
A space in a hyperspace divides the hyperspace into two parts.
Does this inductive reasoning have a basis in reality?
27. Job 26:7
28. Job 26:7
KJV: He stretcheth out the north over the empty place, and hangeth the earth upon nothing.
Hebrew: נטה צפון על תהו תלה ארץ על בלי מה׃
Greek: εκτεινων βορεαν επ ουδεν κρεμαζων γην επι ουδενος
Latin: qui extendit aquilonem super vacuum et adpendit terram super nihili
Spanish: Él extiende el norte sobre vacío, cuelga la tierra sobre nada.
29. Aristarchus
Aristarchus (circa 310-230 BC) was the first to propose a sun-centered universe and attempted to determine the size and distance to both the sun and the moon.
30. Job 26:7 Flat earth
Job 26:7 He stretcheth out the north over the empty place, and hangeth the earth upon nothing. [kjv]
εκτεινων βορεαν επ ουδεν κρεμαζων γην επι ουδενος [lxx]
… extendit aquilonem … vacuum … adpendit terram … nihili [v]
… extiende … norte … vacío, cuelga … tierra … nada. [es]
Does what Job says imply a "
flat earth"?
Or, from the verse in Isaiah, does the earth appear as a
"circle"?
Eratosthenes estimated within 10% the circumference of the earth about 200 BC.
31. Eratosthenes
Eratosthenes was a famous Greek scientist in the 3rd Century BC in Egypt.
The Greek proper name
"Ερατοσθένης" (EH-ra-to-STHEH-nees) ≈ "Eratosthenes" has two parts.
The modern Greek word "ερατός" (eh-ra-TOS) ≈ "lovely" .
The modern Greek word "σθένος" (STHEH-nos) ≈ "strength".
Two discoveries credited to Eratosthenes are the following.
Performing an experiment about 210 B.C. to determine the circumference of the Earth within 2%.
Developing the sieve of Eratosthenes as an effective way to determine prime numbers.
Eratosthenes provided an effective (correct) way but not an efficient way to work with prime numbers. Today, the world's information security systems (e.g., public key cryptography) are based on not having an efficient way with which to determine prime factors of (large) composite numbers.
32. Eratosthenes in Egypt
Eratosthenes (276-194 BC), born in Cyrene, North Africa (now Shahhat, Libya), and dying in Alexandria, Egypt, made a fairly precise measurement of the circumference of the earth.
Eratosthenes knew that the cites of Syrene and Alexandria were far apart and, he assumed, on the same longitude. That is, Alexandria was directly north of Syrene.
33. Eratosthenes in Egypt
Eratosthenes assumed that Syrene (now Aswan on the Nile) was (about) 787 km due south of Alexandria. That is, a given number of camel days journey apart.
At the summer solstice, the sun shone directly into a well at Syrene at noon. At the same time, in Alexandria, Egypt, the angle of inclination of the sun's rays was about 7.2°. From these measurements, he computed the diameter and, thereby, the circumference of the earth.
34. Eratosthenes and prime numbers
Eratosthenes also developed an effective method to determine prime numbers called the Sieve of Eratosthenes. Today, the world's secure public key communications technologies are built, in part, on properties of prime and non-prime (composite) numbers. This has a direct connection to some prophesies in the book of Revelation.
[security and prime numbers, SSL, TLS]
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Details are left as a future topic.
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35. Illustrated Bibles - Middle Ages
An idea from the Middle Ages on the
circle of the earth can be seen in the "
Bible moralisée" (illustrated Bible, comic book) from the Middle Ages, about 1250 AD..
Gothic cathedrals
God as the master mason
Circles, waves, wiggles (fractals)
Noted by Mandelbrot in "
Fractal Geometry of Nature" (plate C2).
36. Sailors and sea monsters
Sailors of all times have never really thought that they would sail out of harbor and fall off the edge of the earth. They were concerned that they might get lost and never got back.
Were they afraid of sea monsters (e.g., Leviathan)? Reports of such were minimized so as not to scare sailors.
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Details are left as a future topic.
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37. Hebrew vav as hook and Greek hook, anchor and hug
The Hebrew word
"וו" (vav) ≈ "hook" and is made of two Hebrew "
vav" letters. In some fonts, that Hebrew letter has the hook at the top end that represents a "
hook".
The ancient Greek word
"ἄγκιστρον" ≈ "hook" and comes from
"ἀγκάλη" ≈ "bend" which is translated as "
hug" in Luke. The word is related to the English word for "
anchor" and is related to the word "
Angles" from which we get the first part of the word "
Anglo-Saxon".
Job 41:1 Canst thou draw out leviathan with an hook? or his tongue with a cord which thou lettest down? [kjv]
αξεις δε δρακοντα εν αγκιστρω περιθησεις δε φορβεαν περι ρινα αυτου [lxx]
The
LXX (Septuagint) uses the word for "
dragon" or, in modern terms, "
dinosaur" for "
leviathan".
38. Revelation 7:1 Four corners
Revelation 7:1 And after these things I saw four angels standing on the four corners of the earth, holding the four winds of the earth, that the wind should not blow on the earth, nor on the sea, nor on any tree. [kjv]
μετα τουτο ειδον τεσσαρας αγγελους εστωτας επι τας τεσσαρας γωνιας της γης κρατουντας τους τεσσαρας ανεμους της γης ινα μη πνεη ανεμος επι της γης μητε επι της θαλασσης μητε επι παν δενδρον [gnt]
What might the "sea" represent?
What might the "tree" represent?
The Greek for "
wind", as used here, can be a play on words for "
against the law" as in "
lawless" or "
iniquity". That "
iniquity" could be an outside threat but could just as well be an inside threat.
39. Psalms 75:3
Psalms 75:3 The earth and all the inhabitants thereof are dissolved: I bear up the pillars of it. Selah. [kjv]
ετακη η γη και παντες οι κατοικουντες εν αυτη εγω εστερεωσα τους στυλους αυτης διαψαλμα [lxx]
40. Psalms 75:3
KJV: The earth and all the inhabitants thereof are dissolved: I bear up the pillars of it. Selah.
Hebrew: נמגים ארץ וכל ישביה אנכי תכנתי עמודיה סלה׃
Greek: ετακη η γη και παντες οι κατοικουντες εν αυτη εγω εστερεωσα τους στυλους αυτης διαψαλμα
41. Deuteronomy 13:7 Ends of the earth
Deuteronomy 13:7 Namely, of the gods of the people which are round about you, nigh unto thee, or far off from thee, from the one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth; [kjv]
απο των θεων των εθνων των περικυκλω υμων των εγγιζοντων σοι η των μακραν απο σου απ ακρου της γης εως ακρου της γης [lxx]
of the gods of the nations that are round about you, who are near you or at a distance from you, from one end of the earth to the other; [bs3]
The Greek word translated as "
end" is the ancient Greek word
"ἄκρος" ≈ "point, top" and is related to the English word
"edge".
The "
point" at the end of a ridge such as the "
Acropolis" tended to be "
high" and at the "
top" so the meaning gradually moved from "
point" at the end of the ridge to point at the "
top" with an assumption of "
high".
42. Acrobats
43. Deuteronomy 13:7
Deuteronomy 13:7 Namely, of the gods of the people which are round about you, nigh unto thee, or far off from thee, from the one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth; [kjv]
απο των θεων των εθνων των περικυκλω υμων των εγγιζοντων σοι η των μακραν απο σου απ ακρου της γης εως ακρου της γης [lxx]
Discuss:
Where is the "end" of the "earth"? Where is the "point" or "top" of the "earth"?
Where are the "ends" of the "earth"?
Discuss:
Are there "ends" of the "earth" in terms of spatial distances such as height, width, length, etc.?
Are there "ends" of the "earth" in terms of temporal distances such as the beginning of time, end of time, etc.?
44. Deuteronomy 13:7
KJV: Namely, of the gods of the people which are round about you, nigh unto thee, or far off from thee, from the one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth;
Hebrew: מאלהי העמים אשר סביבתיכם הקרבים אליך או הרחקים ממך מקצה הארץ ועד קצה הארץ׃
Greek: απο των θεων των εθνων των περικυκλω υμων των εγγιζοντων σοι η των μακραν απο σου απ ακρου της γης εως ακρου της γης
45. Song: In Christ there is no east or west
Psalms 103:12 As far as the east is from the west, so far hath he removed our transgressions from us. [kjv]
καθ οσον απεχουσιν ανατολαι απο δυσμων εμακρυνεν αφ ημων τας ανομιας ημων [lxx]
The words to "
In Christ there is no east or west" were written by English poet/author William Arthur Dunkerley (1852-1941) in 1908 for an exhibition in London for the theme "
the orient in London".
The Latin word
"orientem" ≈ "east" and is the source of the English word "
orient". At one time, the top of maps were the direction east.
It was published in 1913, a year before the start of World War I, based on Galatians 3:28. During World War I, his hymn book "
Hymns for men at the front" sold
8,000,000 (eight million) copies.
46. Verse 1
In Christ there is no East or West,
In Him no South or North;
But one great fellowship of love
Throughout the whole wide earth.
47. Verse 5
In Christ now meet both East and West,
In Him meet North and South;
All Christly souls are one in Him
Throughout the whole wide earth.
48. Directions
49. Job 28:24 Ends of the earth
Job 28:24 For he looketh to the ends of the earth, and seeth under the whole heaven; [kjv]
αυτος γαρ την υπ ουρανον πασαν εφορα ειδως τα εν τη γη παντα α εποιησεν [lxx]
For he surveys the whole earth under heaven, knowing the things in the earth: [bs3]
50. Job 28:24
KJV: For he looketh to the ends of the earth, and seeth under the whole heaven;
Hebrew: כי הוא לקצות הארץ יביט תחת כל השמים יראה׃
Greek: αυτος γαρ την υπ ουρανον πασαν εφορα ειδως τα εν τη γη παντα α εποιησεν
Brenton: For he surveys the whole earth under heaven, knowing the things in the earth:
51. Psalms 48:10 Ends of the earth
Psalms 48:10 According to thy name, O God, so is thy praise unto the ends of the earth: thy right hand is full of righteousness. [kjv]
κατα το ονομα σου ο θεος ουτως και η αινεσις σου επι τα περατα της γης δικαιοσυνης πληρης η δεξια σου [lxx]
52. Psalms 48:10
KJV: According to thy name, O God, so is thy praise unto the ends of the earth: thy right hand is full of righteousness.
Hebrew: כשמך אלהים כן תהלתך על קצוי ארץ צדק מלאה ימינך׃
Greek: κατα το ονομα σου ο θεος ουτως και η αινεσις σου επι τα περατα της γης δικαιοσυνης πληρης η δεξια σου
53. Proverbs 30:4 Ends of the earth
Proverbs 30:4 Who hath ascended up into heaven, or descended? who hath gathered the wind in his fists? who hath bound the waters in a garment? who hath established all the ends of the earth? what is his name, and what is his son's name, if thou canst tell? [kjv]
τις ανεβη εις τον ουρανον και κατεβη τις συνηγαγεν ανεμους εν κολπω τις συνεστρεψεν υδωρ εν ιματιω τις εκρατησεν παντων των ακρων της γης τι ονομα αυτω η τι ονομα τοις τεκνοις αυτου ινα γνως [lxx]
54. Proverbs 30:4
KJV: Who hath ascended up into heaven, or descended? who hath gathered the wind in his fists? who hath bound the waters in a garment? who hath established all the ends of the earth? what is his name, and what is his son's name, if thou canst tell?
Hebrew: מי עלה שמים וירד מי אסף רוח בחפניו מי צרר מים בשמלה מי הקים כל אפסי ארץ מה שמו ומה שם בנו כי תדע׃
Greek: τις ανεβη εις τον ουρανον και κατεβη τις συνηγαγεν ανεμους εν κολπω τις συνεστρεψεν υδωρ εν ιματιω τις εκρατησεν παντων των ακρων της γης τι ονομα αυτω η τι ονομα τοις τεκνοις αυτου ινα γνως
55. Average ocean depth
The average ocean depth is over
2 miles deep (
12,200 feet).
On a model globe, the oceans (and highest mountains) would be about the thickness of a piece of paper.
56. End of page
These ideas will be in the summary of the houses built on rock and sand at the end of the Sermon on the Mount.
We often see or perceive things that are not actually there. Do you see the triangle?
Ezekiel 10:10 And as for their appearances, they four had one likeness, as if a wheel had been in the midst of a wheel. [kjv]
και η οψις αυτων ομοιωμα εν τοις τεσσαρσιν ον τροπον οταν η τροχος εν μεσω τροχου [lxx]
Isaiah 40:22 It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in: [kjv]
… חוג … [he]
Isaiah 40:22 It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in: [kjv]
… חוג … [he]
ο κατεχων τον γυρον της γης και οι ενοικουντες εν αυτη ως ακριδες ο στησας ως καμαραν τον ουρανον και διατεινας ως σκηνην κατοικειν [lxx]
… gyrum … nihilum … tabernaculum … [v]
Job 26:7 He stretcheth out the north over the empty place, and hangeth the earth upon nothing. [kjv]
εκτεινων βορεαν επ ουδεν κρεμαζων γην επι ουδενος [lxx]
… extendit aquilonem … vacuum … adpendit terram … nihili [v]
… extiende … norte … vacío, cuelga … tierra … nada. [es]
Luke 13:29 And they shall come from the east, and from the west, and from the north, and from the south, and shall sit down in the kingdom of God. [kjv]
και ηξουσιν απο ανατολων και δυσμων και απο βορρα και νοτου και ανακλιθησονται εν τη βασιλεια του θεου [gnt]
13:30 And, behold, there are last which shall be first, and there are first which shall be last. [kjv]
και ιδου εισιν εσχατοι οι εσονται πρωτοι και εισιν πρωτοι οι εσονται εσχατοι [gnt]
