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A concise tome on insect divisions and sections
1. A concise tome on insect divisions and sections
The study of the Greek word for "
insects" is interesting because the second part of the word is used in several words in the
GNT (Greek New Testament). There is one word that is used once in the
GNT and almost nowhere else.
2. Philippians 3:2-3 Possible solecism
Philippians 3:2 Beware of dogs, beware of evil workers, beware of the concision. [kjv]
βλεπετε τους κυνας βλεπετε τους κακους εργατας βλεπετε την κατατομην [gnt]
… videte concisionem [v]
3:3 For we are the circumcision, which worship God in the spirit, and rejoice in Christ Jesus, and have no confidence in the flesh. [kjv]
ημεις γαρ εσμεν η περιτομη οι πνευματι θεου λατρευοντες και καυχωμενοι εν χριστω ιησου και ουκ εν σαρκι πεποιθοτες [gnt]
The
KJV (King James Version) uses "
beware" from "
be aware" but the Greek word is "
see" or "
observe". The word "
concision" is from the Latin.
"κατάτομη" ≈ "niche" as in a building or as mutilation in GNT (one time use). What might this word mean in context?
"κατά" ≈ "down, against" and often serves to intensify the word to which it is prefixed as in "get down to business".
"τόμος" ≈ "slice" as in a "section" or "cut" as in a "division".
3. Solecisms
The English word
"solecism" is the use of improper grammar as in a grammatical error in syntax. The word comes from the Greek city
"Σόλοι" ≈ "Soli" in Cilicia near the city of Tarsus. Paul was from Tarsus.
Aristotle uses the word "
solecism" in terms of deception but uses it for creating ambiguity in speech, often by way of pronoun case usage.
Over time, solecisms often became part of a spoken (and written) language.
4. Philippians 3:2 Solecism
Philippians 3:2 Beware of dogs, beware of evil workers, beware of the concision. [kjv]
βλεπετε τους κυνας βλεπετε τους κακους εργατας βλεπετε την κατατομην [gnt]
Paul could be using a "
solecism" here but that is not clear. To do so, one might change the words as follows.
«κατατομην» as "concision" (Latin)
«κατα το μην» as "according to the month" where the "the" is not in the proper case - a common feature of solecisms (according to Aristotle).
This is pointed out for completeness. To get a better picture, we may need to
think outside the box.
5. Intersection
The ancient Greek word
"τομή" ≈ "notch, cut, intersection".
Job 15:32 It shall be accomplished before his time, and his branch shall not be green. [kjv]
His branch shall not be greene, but shall be cut off before his day. [gb]
η τομη αυτου προ ωρας φθαρησεται και ο ραδαμνος αυτου ου μη πυκαση [lxx]
His harvest shall perish before the time, and his branch shall not flourish. [bs3]
One meaning of the Greek word is a cutting of the harvest tops as a "
cut".
6. Job 15:32
KJV: It shall be accomplished before his time, and his branch shall not be green.
Hebrew: בלא יומו תמלא וכפתו לא רעננה׃
Greek: η τομη αυτου προ ωρας φθαρησεται και ο ραδαμνος αυτου ου μη πυκαση
Brenton: His harvest shall perish before the time, and his branch shall not flourish.
Geneva: His branch shall not be greene, but shall be cut off before his day.
7. Cuts
The English word
"cut" means to create an "
incision", divide with a knife, scissors, etc. A simple idea can acquire many other meanings from the original meaning.
| Abstract ideas using the word cut |
| cut one's losses |
clean cut |
cut class |
cut a deal |
cut and dry |
| cut through the clutter |
clear cut |
cut off |
cut it out |
cut out for |
| cut to the chase |
cut above |
price cut |
cut loose |
cut the action |
| cut to the quick |
cut down |
short cut |
cut corners |
time to cut |
Paul uses the Greek word (used only once in the Bible) that could mean "
incision" or "
cut". It appears more likely that a non-cut and more abstract meaning was intended.
8. Successive verses
Philippians 3:2 Beware of dogs, beware of evil workers, beware of the concision. [kjv]
βλεπετε τους κυνας βλεπετε τους κακους εργατας βλεπετε την κατατομην [gnt]
… videte concisionem [v]
3:3 For we are the circumcision, which worship God in the spirit, and rejoice in Christ Jesus, and have no confidence in the flesh. [kjv]
ημεις γαρ εσμεν η περιτομη οι πνευματι θεου λατρευοντες και καυχωμενοι εν χριστω ιησου και ουκ εν σαρκι πεποιθοτες [gnt]
… circumcisio … [v]
Whatever the meaning translated as "
concision" it appears that Paul intended to connect "
concision" with "
circumcision" in the next verse.
9. Atomic moment
1 Corinthians 15:52 In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed. [kjv]
εν ατομω εν ριπη οφθαλμου εν τη εσχατη σαλπιγγι σαλπισει γαρ και οι νεκροι εγερθησονται αφθαρτοι και ημεις αλλαγησομεθα [gnt]
The ancient Greek word
"ἄτομος" ≈ "uncut, indivisible, individual". This word is used by Paul in 1 Corinthians 15:52 in reference to time.
The modern Greek word
"άτομο" (A-to-mo) ≈ "person, atom".
10. Democritus
The ancient Greek philosopher and scientist Democritus (c. 460 - c. 370 BC), with some others, proposed an idea that today would be called "
atomic theory". None of his work survives but many written accounts by others fill in some details.
That theory of atoms and molecules was not established until about 1900. Einstein and his 1905 paper on Brownian motion helped finally establish the atomic theory as an accepted reality.
11. Planck length
1 Corinthians 15:52 In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed. [kjv]
εν ατομω εν ριπη οφθαλμου εν τη εσχατη σαλπιγγι σαλπισει γαρ και οι νεκροι εγερθησονται αφθαρτοι και ημεις αλλαγησομεθα [gnt]
Some take this "
moment", or "
twinkling of an eye", as a Planck length, named after Max Planck (1858-1947). This length is the smallest measurable length of (quantized) time (or space) that has any meaning. This as about
1.6x1035 meters or about
1020 times the size of a proton.
12. 1 Corinthians 15:52
KJV: In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump: for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed.
Hebrew: ברגע אחד כהרף עין כתקע השופר האחרון כי יתקע בשופר והמתים יחיו בלי כליון ואנחנו נתחלף׃
Greek: εν ατομω εν ριπη οφθαλμου εν τη εσχατη σαλπιγγι σαλπισει γαρ και οι νεκροι εγερθησονται αφθαρτοι και ημεις αλλαγησομεθα
Latin: in momento in ictu oculi in novissima tuba canet enim et mortui resurgent incorrupti et nos inmutabimur
13. Tome
14. Tome
In Isaiah 8:1 there is mention of a "
tome" as a "
roll", "
scroll", "
book".
Isaiah 8:1 Moreover the LORD said unto me, Take thee a great roll, and write in it with a man's pen concerning Maher–shalal–hash–baz. [kjv]
και ειπεν κυριος προς με λαβε σεαυτω τομον καινου μεγαλου και γραψον εις αυτον γραφιδι ανθρωπου του οξεως προνομην ποιησαι σκυλων παρεστιν γαρ [lxx]
… librum … [v]
And the Lord said to me, Take to yourself a volume of a great new book, and write in it with a man's pen concerning the making a rapid plunder of spoils; for it is near at hand. [bs3]
The Latin word
"librum" ≈ "book" and is the source of the English word
"library".
15. Isaiah 8:1
KJV: Moreover the LORD said unto me, Take thee a great roll, and write in it with a man's pen concerning Maher–shalal–hash–baz.
Hebrew: ויאמר יהוה אלי קח לך גליון גדול וכתב עליו בחרט אנוש למהר שלל חש בז׃
Greek: και ειπεν κυριος προς με λαβε σεαυτω τομον καινου μεγαλου και γραψον εις αυτον γραφιδι ανθρωπου του οξεως προνομην ποιησαι σκυλων παρεστιν γαρ
Brenton: And the Lord said to me, Take to yourself a volume of a great new book, and write in it with a man's pen concerning the making a rapid plunder of spoils; for it is near at hand.
Latin: et dixit Dominus ad me sume tibi librum grandem et scribe in eo stilo hominis Velociter spolia detrahe Cito praedare
16. Aristotle and atoms
Aristotle refers to the atomic theory of Democritus.
Aristotle often uses the ancient Greek word
"ατομος" ≈ "indivisible" to discuss length and time.
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Details are left as a future topic.
|
17. Thomas
The word "
tome" is
not related to the name "
Thomas" as in "
doubting Thomas" who, because of his nickname, appears to have been a "
twin".
John 20:24 But Thomas, one of the twelve, called Didymus, was not with them when Jesus came. [kjv]
θωμας δε εις εκ των δωδεκα ο λεγομενος διδυμος ουκ ην μετ αυτων οτε ηλθεν ιησους [gnt]
Thomas … duodecim … [v]
20:29 Jesus saith unto him, Thomas, because thou hast seen me, thou hast believed: blessed are they that have not seen, and yet have believed. [kjv]
λεγει αυτω ο ιησους οτι εωρακας με πεπιστευκας μακαριοι οι μη ιδοντες και πιστευσαντες [gnt]
18. Thomas
19. Twin
The English word
"Gemini" as a constellation is from the Latin word
"geminus" ≈ "twin".
The idea of a twin is translated as the ancient Greek word
"δίδυμος" ≈ "double, twofold, twin"which is a reduplication of the ancient Greek word
"δύο" ≈ "two"
Genesis 38:27 And it came to pass in the time of her travail, that, behold, twins were in her womb. [kjv]
εγενετο δε ηνικα ετικτεν και τηδε ην διδυμα εν τη γαστρι αυτης [lxx]
… gemini … [v]
… תאומים … [he]
20. Genesis 38:27
KJV: And it came to pass in the time of her travail, that, behold, twins were in her womb.
Hebrew: ויהי בעת לדתה והנה תאומים בבטנה׃
Greek: εγενετο δε ηνικα ετικτεν και τηδε ην διδυμα εν τη γαστρι αυτης
Latin: instante autem partu apparuerunt gemini in utero atque in ipsa effusione infantum unus protulit manum in qua obsetrix ligavit coccinum dicens
21. Strongs - twins
- *H8380 תָּאוֹם תָּאוֹם (taw-ome') : or taom {taw-ome'}; from H8382; a twin (in plural only), literally or figuratively:--twins.
22. John 20:24
KJV: But Thomas, one of the twelve, called Didymus, was not with them when Jesus came.
Greek: θωμας δε εις εκ των δωδεκα ο λεγομενος διδυμος ουκ ην μετ αυτων οτε ηλθεν ο ιησους
Latin: Thomas autem unus ex duodecim qui dicitur Didymus non erat cum eis quando venit Iesus
23. John 20:29
KJV: Jesus saith unto him, Thomas, because thou hast seen me, thou hast believed: blessed are they that have not seen, and yet have believed.
Greek: λεγει αυτω ο ιησους οτι εωρακας με θωμα πεπιστευκας μακαριοι οι μη ιδοντες και πιστευσαντες
24. Context
The context of the ancient Greek word
"κατάτομη" ≈ "niche" (as in a building) which became translated as the Latin word
"concisio" ≈ "to cut, destroy, mutilate" is at the start of Philippians 3.
Part of the context of the verse is that Paul starts all three categories with the Greek letter "
K" or "
Kappa". Sometimes to get a word pattern, one must invent or stretch words.
Paul invents many words, sometimes as a play-on-word or a pun, sometimes for other effects. Like Jesus, Paul uses a lot of double meanings that depend on the words used, the way the words are used, the context, etc.
25. Philippians 3:2 Roman k sound
Philippians 3:2 Beware of dogs, beware of evil workers, beware of the concision. [kjv]
βλεπετε τους κυνας βλεπετε τους κακους εργατας βλεπετε την κατατομην [gnt]
videte canes videte malos operarios videte concisionem [v]
The three word groups all start with the Greek "
K" or "
Kappa" letter. The "
beware" means "
see" or "
observe".
"κυνας" ≈ "dogs" (apparent reference to the Cynics).
"κακους εργατας" ≈ "bad workers" (faith by required works).
"κατατομην" ≈ "concision" (Jews with extra required rules).
In Roman times, the letter "
k" was considered sinister and, in most cases, the Roman "
c", with the same "
k" sound, was used. Thus, "
Caesar" was pronounced as "
Kaiser". Carthage: Latin "
Karthago" as "
new Tyre", "
Punic" as "
Phoenician".
Later, the hard Latin "
c" as "
k" changed to the softer "
c" as "
s" or "
ch" as in "
church". The German word
"die Kirche" ≈ "church".
26. Circumcision
27. Acrobats
28. Acropolis and temple
Like many cities, Colossae had an acropolis - a (high) point at the end of a mountain ridge.
Colossae had a theater, temple, etc.
29. Cornerstone and acropolis
Ephesians 2:20 And are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone; [kjv]
εποικοδομηθεντες επι τω θεμελιω των αποστολων και προφητων οντος ακρογωνιαιου αυτου χριστου ιησου [gnt]
Paul makes the connection with Jesus explicit in Ephesians 2:10, though Paul uses a more explicit and literal word for "
corner stone" that would be recognized by his Greek audience - using the prefix of "
acro" as in "
acropolis".
30. Ephesians 2:20
KJV: And are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone;
Greek: εποικοδομηθεντες επι τω θεμελιω των αποστολων και προφητων οντος ακρογωνιαιου αυτου ιησου χριστου ιησου
Latin: superaedificati super fundamentum apostolorum et prophetarum ipso summo angulari lapide Christo Iesu
Wycliffe: aboue bildid on the foundement of apostlis and of profetis, vpon that hiyeste corner stoon, Crist Jhesu;
Luther: erbauet auf den Grund der Apostel und Propheten, da Jesus Christus der Eckstein ist
Spanish: edificados sobre el fundamento de los apóstoles y profetas, siendo la principal piedra delángulo Jesucristo mismo,
31. Acumen
The Latin word
"acuo" ≈ "make pointed, sharpen" as in the English word "
acumen" and is related to the (first part of the) words for "
acropolis" and "
acrobat" (from Greek). It is also the source of the English word "
acid".
32. 1 Corinthians 7:19
KJV: Circumcision is nothing, and uncircumcision is nothing, but the keeping of the commandments of God.
Greek: η περιτομη ουδεν εστιν και η ακροβυστια ουδεν εστιν αλλα τηρησις εντολων θεου
33. Strongs - circumcision
- *G4061 *36 περιτομή (per-it-om-ay') : from G4059; circumcision (the rite, the condition or the people, literally or figuratively):--X circumcised, circumcision.
- περιτομης *15
- Acts 7:8 And he gave him the covenant of circumcision: and so Abraham begat ...
- Acts 10:45 And they of the circumcision which believed were astonished, as many as ...
- Acts 11:2 ... Jerusalem, they that were of the circumcision contended with him,
- Romans 2:27 ... by the letter and circumcision dost transgress the law?
- Romans 3:1 ... or what profit is there of circumcision?
- Romans 4:11 And he received the sign of circumcision, a seal of the righteousness of the faith ...
- Romans 4:12 And the father of circumcision to them who are not of the circumcision only, but ...
- Romans 15:8 ... Christ was a minister of the circumcision for the truth of God, ...
- Galatians 2:7 ... of the uncircumcision was committed unto me, as the gospel of the circumcision was unto Peter;
- Galatians 2:8 ... in Peter to the apostleship of the circumcision, the same was mighty in me toward the Gentiles:)
- Galatians 2:12 ... fearing them which were of the circumcision.
- Ephesians 2:11 ... by that which is called the Circumcision in the flesh made by hands;
- Colossians 4:11 ... Justus, who are of the circumcision. These only are my fellowworkers ...
- Titus 1:10 ... specially they of the circumcision:
- περιτομη *14
- Romans 2:25 For circumcision verily profiteth, if thou keep the law: but if thou be a breaker of the law, thy circumcision is made uncircumcision.
- Romans 2:28 ... which is one outwardly; neither is that circumcision, which is outward in the flesh:
- Romans 2:29 ... which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit, ...
- Romans 4:10 ... when he was in circumcision, or in uncircumcision? Not in circumcision, but in uncircumcision.
- 1 Corinthians 7:19 Circumcision is nothing, and uncircumcision is ...
- Galatians 5:6 ... Jesus Christ neither circumcision availeth any thing, nor ...
- Galatians 6:15 ... Christ Jesus neither circumcision availeth any thing, nor ...
- Philippians 3:3 For we are the circumcision, which worship God in the spirit, ...
- Philippians 3:5 Circumcised the eighth day, of the stock ...
- Colossians 2:11 ... also ye are circumcised with the circumcision made without hands, in putting off the body of the sins of the flesh by the circumcision of Christ:
- Colossians 3:11 ... Greek nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision, Barbarian, ...
- περιτομην *7
- John 7:22 Moses therefore gave unto you circumcision; (not because it is ...
- John 7:23 ... on the sabbath day receive circumcision, that the law of Moses ...
- Romans 2:26 ... uncircumcision be counted for circumcision?
- Romans 3:30 ... God, which shall justify the circumcision by faith, and ...
- Romans 4:9 Cometh this blessedness then upon the circumcision only, or upon the uncircumcision ...
- Galatians 2:9 ... and they unto the circumcision.
- Galatians 5:11 ... I yet preach circumcision, why do I yet ...
34. Usage - circumcision
 |
Words: περιτομη=14 περιτομην=7 περιτομης=15
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35. Strongs - uncircumcision
- *G203 *20 ἀκροβυστία (ak-rob-oos-tee'-ah) : from G206 and probably a modified form of posthe (the penis or male sexual organ); the prepuce; by implication, an uncircumcised (i.e. gentile, figuratively, unregenerate) state or person:--not circumcised, uncircumcised (with G2192), uncircumcision.
- ακροβυστια *15
- Romans 2:25 ... thy circumcision is made uncircumcision.
- Romans 2:26 Therefore if the uncircumcision keep the righteousness of the law, shall not his uncircumcision be counted for circumcision?
- Romans 2:27 And shall not uncircumcision which is by nature, if it fulfil ...
- Romans 4:10 ... or in uncircumcision? Not in circumcision, but in uncircumcision.
- Romans 4:11 ... which he had yet being uncircumcised: that he might be the father of all them that believe, though they be not circumcised; that righteousness ...
- Romans 4:12 ... Abraham, which he had being yet uncircumcised.
- 1 Corinthians 7:18 ... any called in uncircumcision? let him not be circumcised.
- 1 Corinthians 7:19 Circumcision is nothing, and uncircumcision is nothing, but ...
- Galatians 5:6 ... availeth any thing, nor uncircumcision; but faith which worketh ...
- Galatians 6:15 ... availeth any thing, nor uncircumcision, but a new creature.
- Ephesians 2:11 ... the flesh, who are called Uncircumcision by that which is called ...
- Colossians 2:13 ... your sins and the uncircumcision of your flesh, hath he quickened together ...
- Colossians 3:11 ... Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision, Barbarian, Scythian, bond ...
- ακροβυστιαν *3
- Acts 11:3 Saying, Thou wentest in to men uncircumcised, and didst eat with them.
- Romans 3:30 ... by faith, and uncircumcision through faith.
- Romans 4:9 ... the circumcision only, or upon the uncircumcision also? for we say ...
- ακροβυστιας *2
- Romans 4:11 ... which he had yet being uncircumcised: that he might be the father of all them that believe, though they be not circumcised; that righteousness ...
- Galatians 2:7 ... when they saw that the gospel of the uncircumcision was committed unto me, as the gospel of the circumcision was unto Peter;
36. Usage - uncircumcision
 |
Words: ακροβυστια=15 ακροβυστιαν=3 ακροβυστιας=2
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37. Unique word
Both the words for "
circumcision" and "
uncircumcision" in the
GNT (and elsewhere) are well established. Here we are interested in a word used one time by Paul. The
KJV uses the word "
beware" from "
be aware" but the Greek word is that of "
see" or "
observe".
Philippians 3:2 Beware of dogs, beware of evil workers, beware of the concision. [kjv]
βλεπετε τους κυνας βλεπετε τους κακους εργατας βλεπετε την κατατομην [gnt]
… videte concisionem [v]
Paul appears to be pointing out extra and unneeded work that is being done and distracting from the true message of Christ. In that respect, it appears to be a problem important enough within the group, and not obvious to many, such that Paul needs to point it out. What might that be?
38. Philippians 3:2
KJV: Beware of dogs, beware of evil workers, beware of the concision.
Greek: βλεπετε τους κυνας βλεπετε τους κακους εργατας βλεπετε την κατατομην
Latin: videte canes videte malos operarios videte concisionem
39. Philippians 3:3
KJV: For we are the circumcision, which worship God in the spirit, and rejoice in Christ Jesus, and have no confidence in the flesh.
Greek: ημεις γαρ εσμεν η περιτομη οι πνευματι θεω θεου λατρευοντες και καυχωμενοι εν χριστω ιησου και ουκ εν σαρκι πεποιθοτες
Latin: nos enim sumus circumcisio qui spiritu Deo servimus et gloriamur in Christo Iesu et non in carne fiduciam habentes
40. Latin
41. Strongs - concision
- *G609 *6 ἀποκόπτω (ap-ok-op'-to) : from G575 and G2875; to amputate; reflexively (by irony) to mutilate (the privy parts):--cut off. Compare G2699 κατατομή.
- αποκοψον *2
- Mark 9:43 And if thy hand offend thee, cut it off: it is better for thee to enter into life maimed, than having two hands to go into hell, into the fire that never shall be quenched:
- Mark 9:45 ... offend thee, cut it off: it is better ...
- απεκοψεν *2
- John 18:10 ... the high priest's servant, and cut off his right ear. ...
- John 18:26 ... whose ear Peter cut off, saith, Did not ...
- απεκοψαν
- Acts 27:32 Then the soldiers cut off the ropes of the boat, and ...
- αποκοψονται
- Galatians 5:12 I would they were even cut off which trouble you.
- *G2699 *0 κατατομή (kat-at-om-ay') : from a compound of G2596 and temno (to cut); a cutting down (off), i.e. mutilation (ironically):--concision. Compare G609 ἀποκόπτω.
- κατατομην
- Philippians 3:2 ... evil workers, beware of the concision.
42. Usage - concision
Strongs gives the definition of "
concision" as "
false circumcision". It is not clear how this is determined. There is another Greek word for "
cutting off".
 |
Words: απεκοψαν απεκοψεν=2 αποκοψον=2 αποκοψονται κατατομην
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43. University of Chicago
The University of Chicago Ancient Greek search web page is at
https://logeion.uchicago.edu. There appear to be only a few matches. One meaning is as "
part of a theater". The only match with link to the source was the following result.
Greek:
δεῖ τὸν μισθὸν πράττεσθαι. καὶ καθήμενος κάτω ὑπὸ τῇ κατατομῇ, οὗπερ εἴωθε καθῆσθαι, ἐκέλευε Μνησίθεον τὸν χορ Hyperides Against Demosthenes 1.1.
English:
but to find out from how large a sum he was to collect his commission. Sitting below in his usual place in the niche, he told Mnesitheus the dancer Perseus at Tufts
The footnote at the web site says:
It is not known what niche is meant. It may have been a cutting in the side of the Pnyx. The word κατατομή is cited by Harpocration as occurring in this speech.
44. English
In English, the words "
notch", "
niche" and "
nest" are related.
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Details are left as a future topic.
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45. Sites
46. Temple
The English word
"temple" comes from the Latin word
"templum" ≈ "shrine, temple" which originally meant an "
open space", much as a "
niche" in English. Over time, the meaning narrowed from "
open space" to a space used for worship purposes.
The "
Knights Templar" were established by the Catholic church during the time of the Crusades. A few centuries later, however, many were arrested, tortured and executed.
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Details are left as a future topic.
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47. Septuagint
48. Joel 3:14
KJV: Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision: for the day of the LORD is near in the valley of decision.
Hebrew: המונים המונים בעמק החרוץ כי קרוב יום יהוה בעמק החרוץ׃
Greek: ηχοι εξηχησαν εν τη κοιλαδι της δικης οτι εγγυς ημερα κυριου εν τη κοιλαδι της δικης
Latin: populi populi in valle concisionis quia iuxta est dies Domini in valle concisionis
49. A concise tome on insect divisions and sections
50. Latin
51. Aristotle
Aristotle coined the word "
insect" from the idea that their bodies were "
in sections".
Greek:
Καλῶ δ’ ἔντομα ὅσα ἔχει κατὰ τὸ σῶμα ἐντομάς Aristotle, History of Animals 1.487a.33.
English: I call "
notched" all those that have "
notched" bodies.
English: I call "
in sections" all those that have "
in sectioned" bodies.
52. Sections
53. Lice
The "
lice" in the plagues of Moses in Egypt are a form of "
bug".
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54. Exodus 8:16
KJV: And the LORD said unto Moses, Say unto Aaron, Stretch out thy rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt.
Hebrew: ויאמר יהוה אל משה אמר אל אהרן נטה את מטך והך את עפר הארץ והיה לכנם בכל ארץ מצרים׃
Greek: ειπεν δε κυριος προς μωυσην ειπον ααρων εκτεινον τη χειρι την ραβδον σου και παταξον το χωμα της γης και εσονται σκνιφες εν τε τοις ανθρωποις και εν τοις τετραποσιν και εν παση γη αιγυπτου
Brenton: And the Lord said to Moses, Say to Aaron, Stretch forth your rod with your hand and strike the dust of the earth; and there shall be lice both upon man, and upon quadrupeds, and in all the land of Egypt.
Latin: dixitque Dominus ad Mosen loquere ad Aaron extende virgam tuam et percute pulverem terrae et sint scinifes in universa terra Aegypti
Wycliffe: And the Lord seide to Moises, Spek thou to Aaron, Holde forth thi yerde, and smyte the dust of erthe, and litle flies, ether gnattis, be in al the lond of Egipt.
Luther: Und der Herr sprach zu Mose: Sage Aaron: Recke deinen Stab aus und schlag in den Staub auf Erden, daß Läuse werden in ganz Ägyptenland.
55. Strongs - lice
- *H3654 כֵּן (kane) : from H3661 in the sense of fastening; a gnat (from infixing its sting; used only in plural (and irreg. in Exod. 8:17,18; Heb. 13:14)):--lice, X manner.
56. Leviticus
Leviticus covers some other insects.
57. Leviticus 11:22 Clean bugs
Leviticus 11:22 Even these of them ye may eat; the locust after his kind, and the bald locust after his kind, and the beetle after his kind, and the grasshopper after his kind. [kjv]
και ταυτα φαγεσθε απ αυτων τον βρουχον και τα ομοια αυτω και τον αττακην και τα ομοια αυτω και την ακριδα και τα ομοια αυτη και τον οφιομαχην και τα ομοια αυτω [lxx]
58. Leviticus 11:22
KJV: Even these of them ye may eat; the locust after his kind, and the bald locust after his kind, and the beetle after his kind, and the grasshopper after his kind.
Hebrew: את אלה מהם תאכלו את הארבה למינו ואת הסלעם למינהו ואת החרגל למינהו ואת החגב למינהו׃
Greek: και ταυτα φαγεσθε απ αυτων τον βρουχον και τα ομοια αυτω και τον αττακην και τα ομοια αυτω και την ακριδα και τα ομοια αυτη και τον οφιομαχην και τα ομοια αυτω
Brenton: And these of them you° shall eat: the caterpillar and his like, and the attacus and his like, and the cantharus and his like, and the locust and his like.
Latin: comedere debetis ut est brucus in genere suo et attacus atque ophiomachus ac lucusta singula iuxta genus suum
59. Leviticus 11:22-24 Unclean bugs
60. Leviticus 11:23
KJV: But all other flying creeping things, which have four feet, shall be an abomination unto you.
Hebrew: וכל שרץ העוף אשר לו ארבע רגלים שקץ הוא לכם׃
Greek: παν ερπετον απο των πετεινων οις εστιν τεσσαρες ποδες βδελυγμα εστιν υμιν
Brenton: Every creeping thing from amongst the birds, which has four feet, is an abomination to you.
61. Leviticus 11:24
KJV: And for these ye shall be unclean: whosoever toucheth the carcase of them shall be unclean until the even.
Hebrew: ולאלה תטמאו כל הנגע בנבלתם יטמא עד הערב׃
Greek: και εν τουτοις μιανθησεσθε πας ο απτομενος των θνησιμαιων αυτων ακαθαρτος εσται εως εσπερας
62. LXX
A variation of the Greek word coined by Aristotle for "
insect" appears three times in the
LXX. All appear to have to do with making cuttings in the flesh.
Leviticus 19:28 Ye shall not make any cuttings in your flesh for the dead, nor print any marks upon you: I am the LORD. [kjv]
και εντομιδας επι ψυχη ου ποιησετε εν τω σωματι υμων και γραμματα στικτα ου ποιησετε εν υμιν εγω ειμι κυριος ο θεος υμων [lxx]
The general category of such offenses appears to be that one is "
rebelling" against the way that God has created that person.
63. Leviticus 19:28
KJV: Ye shall not make any cuttings in your flesh for the dead, nor print any marks upon you: I am the LORD.
Hebrew: ושרט לנפש לא תתנו בבשרכם וכתבת קעקע לא תתנו בכם אני יהוה׃
Greek: και εντομιδας επι ψυχη ου ποιησετε εν τω σωματι υμων και γραμματα στικτα ου ποιησετε εν υμιν εγω ειμι κυριος ο θεος υμων
64. Baldness
Leviticus 21:5 They shall not make baldness upon their head, neither shall they shave off the corner of their beard, nor make any cuttings in their flesh. [kjv]
και φαλακρωμα ου ξυρηθησεσθε την κεφαλην επι νεκρω και την οψιν του πωγωνος ου ξυρησονται και επι τας σαρκας αυτων ου κατατεμουσιν εντομιδας [lxx]
And you° shall not shave your head for the dead with a baldness on the top; and they shall not shave their beard, neither shall they make gashes on their flesh. [bs3]
65. Leviticus 21:5
KJV: They shall not make baldness upon their head, neither shall they shave off the corner of their beard, nor make any cuttings in their flesh.
Hebrew: לא יקרחה קרחה בראשם ופאת זקנם לא יגלחו ובבשרם לא ישרטו שרטת׃
Greek: και φαλακρωμα ου ξυρηθησεσθε την κεφαλην επι νεκρω και την οψιν του πωγωνος ου ξυρησονται και επι τας σαρκας αυτων ου κατατεμουσιν εντομιδας
Brenton: And you° shall not shave your head for the dead with a baldness on the top; and they shall not shave their beard, neither shall they make gashes on their flesh.
66. Jeremiah
Jeremiah 16:6 Both the great and the small shall die in this land: they shall not be buried, neither shall men lament for them, nor cut themselves, nor make themselves bald for them: [kjv]
ου μη κοψωνται αυτους ουδε εντομιδας ου μη ποιησωσιν και ου ξυρησονται [lxx]
They shall not bewail them, nor make cuttings for them, and they shall not shave themselves for them: [bs3]
67. Jeremiah 16:6
KJV: Both the great and the small shall die in this land: they shall not be buried, neither shall men lament for them, nor cut themselves, nor make themselves bald for them:
Hebrew: ומתו גדלים וקטנים בארץ הזאת לא יקברו ולא יספדו להם ולא יתגדד ולא יקרח להם׃
Greek: ου μη κοψωνται αυτους ουδε εντομιδας ου μη ποιησωσιν και ου ξυρησονται
Brenton: They shall not bewail them, nor make cuttings for them, and they shall not shave themselves for them:
68. Other insects
Some other specific insects and insect parts are now covered.
A general term for many insects is a "
bug".
69. First computer bug
In the early days of computers, the first documented computer bug was a "
moth" that had short-circuited a switch in a computer circuit.
The first bug was documented by
Grace Hopper (first computer bug) , though the term bug goes back further than computers.
70. Horned antenna
*G2762 *2 κεραία (ker-ah'-yah) : feminine of a presumed derivative of the base of G2768; something horn-like, i.e. (specially) the apex of a Hebrew letter (figuratively, the least particle):--tittle.
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Words: κεραια=1 κεραιαν
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The modern Greek word
"κεραία" (keh-REH-a) ≈ "antenna"is from the ancient Greek word
"κεραία" ≈ "little horn, antennae of an insect" and anything projecting as a (small) horn. This word is found
2 times in the
GNT and both times translated as
"tittle".
These words derive from the ancient Greek word
"κέρας" ≈ "horn" which is related to the English word
"cornet".
[Boy Scout after repairing the car horn]
71. So far as the net gain of a gnat into a canopy
Some Greek words went to other languages, such as Latin, and eventually made their way back to Greek meaning something different.
Matthew 23:24 Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel. [kjv]
οδηγοι τυφλοι διυλιζοντες τον κωνωπα την δε καμηλον καταπινοντες [gnt]
This happened to the ancient Greek word for "
mosquito". That word appears once in the
GNT and not in the
LXX.
Rather than a translation by Matthew from the Aramaic, Jesus appears to be using some play on some Greek words that have Semitic origins.
72. Proverbs 30:27 Locusts and commands
Proverbs talks of a delocalized group of
"insects" that are coordinated in their efforts via an otherwise unspecified "
command".
KJV:
Proverbs 30:27 The locusts have no king, yet go they forth all of them by bands; [kjv]
αβασιλευτον εστιν η ακρις και εκστρατευει αφ ενος κελευσματος ευτακτως [lxx]
The locusts have no king, and yet march orderly at one command. [bs3]
… locust … no kyng… goith out … [wy]
The opposite of the Greek word for "
command" is that of "
follow". Jesus says to "
follow" him,
not be a "
leader" and "
command" in the human organizational (house of sand) sense.
73. Breastplates and thoraxes
Revelation 9:9 And they had breastplates, as it were breastplates of iron; and the sound of their wings was as the sound of chariots of many horses running to battle. [kjv]
και ειχαν θωρακας ως θωρακας σιδηρους και η φωνη των πτερυγων αυτων ως φωνη αρματων ιππων πολλων τρεχοντων εις πολεμον [gnt]
… Panzer … Panzer… [lu]
That "
panzer" armor was originally a "
breastplate". The Greek term was used by Paul in Ephesians.
The ancient Greek word "θώραξ" ≈ "breastplate"
The modern Greek word "θώρακας" (THO-ra-kas) ≈ "chest, thorax".
In English, the "
thorax" is the middle part of an insect or the chest cavity of a human or animal.
74. A scatter-brained approach to the sting of a scorpion
Matthew 12:30 He that is not with me is against me; and he that gathereth not with me scattereth abroad. [kjv]
ο μη ων μετ εμου κατ εμου εστιν και ο μη συναγων μετ εμου σκορπιζει [gnt]
In Greek, the words for
"scorpion" and
"scatter" are related.
The ancient Greek word "σκορπίος" ≈ "scorpion" and is the source of the English word "scorpion".
It is unclear as to which word came from which, but both are used in the
LXX and
GNT. Certainly scorpions would cause a group to scatter or move away from them.
The word for "
gather" is that of a "
gathering" or "
synagogue" which is a Greek word and
not a Hebrew word.
The ancient Greek word
"συναγωγή" ≈ "gathering".
75. Ant
76. Proverbs 6:6
KJV: Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise:
Hebrew: לך אל נמלה עצל ראה דרכיה וחכם׃
Greek: ιθι προς τον μυρμηκα ω οκνηρε και ζηλωσον ιδων τας οδους αυτου και γενου εκεινου σοφωτερος
Latin: vade ad formicam o piger et considera vias eius et disce sapientiam
77. Proverbs 6:7
KJV: Which having no guide, overseer, or ruler,
Hebrew: אשר אין לה קצין שטר ומשל׃
Greek: εκεινω γαρ γεωργιου μη υπαρχοντος μηδε τον αναγκαζοντα εχων μηδε υπο δεσποτην ων
Latin: quae cum non habeat ducem nec praeceptorem nec principem
78. Proverbs 6:8
KJV: Provideth her meat in the summer, and gathereth her food in the harvest.
Hebrew: תכין בקיץ לחמה אגרה בקציר מאכלה׃
Greek: ετοιμαζεται θερους την τροφην πολλην τε εν τω αμητω ποιειται την παραθεσιν η πορευθητι προς την μελισσαν και μαθε ως εργατις εστιν την τε εργασιαν ως σεμνην ποιειται ης τους πονους βασιλεις και ιδιωται προς υγιειαν προσφερονται ποθεινη δε εστιν πασιν και επιδοξος καιπερ ουσα τη ρωμη ασθενης την σοφιαν τιμησασα προηχθη
79. End of page
Insects such as mosquitoes and gnats, that could fly and had four feet, were unclean.
