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A wise fool should not be prudish about being prudent
1. A wise fool should not be prudish about being prudent
It appears that in many places in the
GNT (Greek New Testament) the meanings of being either "
prudent" or "
not prudent", which are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, have been interpreted as being either "
wise" or "
foolish", which are not necessarily mutually exclusive nor collectively exhaustive.
It appears that, in the
GNT, the meaning of the word "
foolish" when used with a word meaning "
prudent" or "
smart" is the opposite of that word and not "
foolish" in a general sense.
Is this a reasonable interpretation? If so, why might these somewhat subtle meaning changes have been made? Who might benefit from such meaning changes?
2. Domains
Let us first look at some of the words, definitions and etymologies of relevant terms and concepts.
The areas of interest include the following ideas and definitions.
Data consists of a collection of facts. Someone is smart if they have the ability to learn a lot of facts.
Rules use facts (and other rules) to summarize abstracted facts. Someone is wise if they know a lot of facts and rules and how to use them.
Someone has understanding if they are wise and know when and when not to use facts and rules.
Someone is prudent if they have understanding and account for what is not known. This has a probabilistic aspect to it.
3. Blooms taxonomy
This separation is based on various Greek words used in the
GNT.
The levels, however, fit well with Bloom's hierarchy of educational objectives.
4. Bloom's hierarchy of educational objectives
In 1956, Bloom published a hierarchy of educational objectives that has been used ever since. Bloom, B. (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives.
Handbook I: Cognitive Domain. New York: David McKay.
The foundational knowledge is formed by a lot of facts and simple rules in the discipline. Multiple choice questions. I use non-deterministic generation of similar questions to use multiple choice questions to above the foundational level.
The top level is formed by abstract and innovative thinking and problem solving. In college, this is typically a senior research project or required in senior-level courses.
5. Introductory programming
An introductory programming course should create a foundation while not requiring too much of the upper levels to be required.
The middle levels can be obtained by learning common patterns in the discipline and how to use those patterns in solving selected problems - by example.
Labs - form the basis of a pattern
Assignments - use a common pattern solution for that problem.
Quizzes: multiple choice (lower levels)
Exams: combination of the above
6. Wise
In general, someone who is "wise" knows a lot of things. Those things, however, may or may not apply in a given situation.
Someone who is "prudent" is "mindful" of many things, in addition to being "wise", and can make necessary trade-offs.
In general, someone who is "foolish" is not "mindful" of things that may be necessary in a given situation.
Despite their similarity as words, the meanings of "prudent" and "prudish" are quite different and unrelated in their origin.
7. Think after what you heard and repent
One can compare
"mindful" with the Greek word for
"repent" which literally means
"after thought" as in
"perceiving afterwards". The ancient Greek word
"μετάνοια" ≈ "afterthought, repent".
That is, a
"transition" from what one was thinking "
before" to what one is thinking
"after".
The ancient Greek word "μετά" ≈ "after".
The ancient Greek word "νοια" ≈ "mind" as in "nous".
The definition in modern Greek has
narrowed, from influence of
GNT translation, to
"μετάνοια" (meh-TA-nee-a) ≈ "repentance" (in the Latin sense).
If you already know that
"repent" in Greek means
"after thought" then, well, "
never mind".
Note: The first definition is that of "
afterthought". The second is that of "
repentance" but this comes from the
GNT.
8. Prudent
The English word
"prudent" comes through French from the Latin word
"prudens" ≈ "" which is a shortened form of the Latin word
"providens" ≈ "foresight" which is the source of the English word "
providence" in "
having foresight".
Someone who is prudent has foresight and can make trade-offs to arrive at an optimum, in some real sense, solution to a problem or situation.
9. Pragmatic
A related English word is "pragmatic" which comes from the Greek word for "thing".
10. Prude
The English word
"prude" comes through French from the Latin word
"prode" ≈ "proud". The modern sense in English is that of someone who is "
goody-goody" or "
too proud" to do something, for whatever reason. The meaning has narrowed such that it now often has just a sexual connotation.
11. Sissy principle
Often, if person A wants person B to do something, some derogatory name will be used, such as "prude". In effect, person A just wants their own way or approval from others and is not getting it.
When I was in grade school, I recognized this pattern and gave it my own name, the "Sissy principle". That is, boys would call other boys "sissy" as a dare to, in effect, get them to do what they wanted.
12. Greek
13. Luke 11:40 Not mindful of
Luke 11:40 Ye fools, did not he that made that which is without make that which is within also? [kjv]
αφρονες ουχ ο ποιησας το εξωθεν και το εσωθεν εποιησεν [gnt]
Someone who is not "
mindful of" something (that is important) is considered "
foolish". That appears to be the sense of "
foolish" when paired with the Greek word for "
mindful of".
This may or may not indicate that Jesus spoke in Aramaic and Luke selected Greek words for what Jesus said in Aramaic.
The modern Greek word
"αφρόντιστα" (a-FRON-tee-sta) ≈ "carelessly, negligently".
14. Luke 11:40
KJV: Ye fools, did not he that made that which is without make that which is within also?
Greek: αφρονες ουχ ο ποιησας το εξωθεν και το εσωθεν εποιησεν
15. Strongs - fools
- *G878 *11 ἄφρων (af'-rone) : from G1 (as a negative particle) and G5424; properly, mindless, i.e. stupid, (by implication) ignorant, (specially) egotistic, (practically) rash, or (morally) unbelieving:--fool(-ish), unwise.
- αφρων *4
- Luke 12:20 But God said unto him, Thou fool, this night thy ...
- 1 Corinthians 15:36 Thou fool, that which thou sowest is not ...
- 2 Corinthians 12:6 ... I shall not be a fool; for I will say the truth: ...
- 2 Corinthians 12:11 I am become a fool in glorying; ye have compelled me: ...
- αφρονων *3
- Romans 2:20 An instructor of the foolish, a teacher of babes, which hast the form ...
- 2 Corinthians 11:19 For ye suffer fools gladly, seeing ye yourselves are wise.
- 1 Peter 2:15 ... that with well doing ye may put to silence the ignorance of foolish men:
- αφρονες *2
- Luke 11:40 Ye fools, did not he that made that which is without make ...
- Ephesians 5:17 Wherefore be ye not unwise, but understanding what ...
- αφρονα *2
- 2 Corinthians 11:16 ... think me a fool; if otherwise, yet as a fool receive me, ...
16. Usage - fools
*G878 *11 ἄφρων (af'-rone) : from G1 (as a negative particle) and G5424; properly, mindless, i.e. stupid, (by implication) ignorant, (specially) egotistic, (practically) rash, or (morally) unbelieving:--fool(-ish), unwise.
 |
Words: αφρονα=2 αφρονες=2 αφρονων=3 αφρων=4
|
17. Matthew
To get an idea of the meaning of the Greek word, let us look at the use of that word in Matthew. Matthew quotes Jesus many times using this word.
18. Matthew 7:24 Rock and sand
Matthew 7:24 Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock: [kjv]
πας ουν οστις ακουει μου τους λογους τουτους και ποιει αυτους ομοιωθησεται ανδρι φρονιμω οστις ωκοδομησεν αυτου την οικιαν επι την πετραν [gnt]
In the analogy of the houses built on rock and on sand, the rock part is associated with prudent and the sand part is associated with foolish.
In this verse, the
KJV (King James Version) uses "
wise". Does the meaning change if "
mindful of" is substituted?
19. Matthew 7:24
KJV: Therefore whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock:
Greek: πας ουν οστις ακουει μου τους λογους τουτους και ποιει αυτους ομοιωσω αυτον ομοιωθησεται ανδρι φρονιμω οστις ωκοδομησεν αυτου την οικιαν αυτου επι την πετραν
20. Strongs - prudent
- *G5429 *14 φρόνιμος (fron'-ee-mos) : from G5424; thoughtful, i.e. sagacious or discreet (implying a cautious character; while 4680 denotes practical skill or acumen; and G4908 indicates rather intelligence or mental acquirement); in a bad sense conceited (also in the comparative):--wise(-r).
- φρονιμοι *8
- Matthew 10:16 ... of wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and ...
- Matthew 25:2 ... of them were wise, and five were foolish.
- Matthew 25:4 But the wise took oil in their ...
- Matthew 25:9 But the wise answered, saying, Not so; lest there be ...
- Romans 11:25 ... mystery, lest ye should be wise in your own conceits; that ...
- Romans 12:16 ... to men of low estate. Be not wise in your own conceits.
- 1 Corinthians 4:10 ... Christ's sake, but ye are wise in Christ; we ...
- 2 Corinthians 11:19 ... fools gladly, seeing ye yourselves are wise.
- φρονιμος *2
- Matthew 24:45 ... is a faithful and wise servant, whom his ...
- Luke 12:42 ... that faithful and wise steward, whom his lord ...
- φρονιμοις *2
- Matthew 25:8 And the foolish said unto the wise, Give us of ...
- 1 Corinthians 10:15 I speak as to wise men; judge ye what I say.
- φρονιμω
- Matthew 7:24 ... I will liken him unto a wise man, which built ...
- φρονιμωτεροι
- Luke 16:8 ... in their generation wiser than the children of light.
21. Usage - prudent
*G5429 *14 φρόνιμος (fron'-ee-mos) : from G5424; thoughtful, i.e. sagacious or discreet (implying a cautious character; while 4680 denotes practical skill or acumen; and G4908 indicates rather intelligence or mental acquirement); in a bad sense conceited (also in the comparative):--wise(-r).
 |
Words: φρονιμοι=8 φρονιμοις=2 φρονιμος=2 φρονιμω φρονιμωτεροι
|
22. Matthew 7:26 Sand
Matthew 7:26 And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the sand: [kjv]
και πας ο ακουων μου τους λογους τουτους και μη ποιων αυτους ομοιωθησεται ανδρι μωρω οστις ωκοδομησεν αυτου την οικιαν επι την αμμον [gnt]
The ancient Greek word
"μωρός" ≈ "slow, sluggish" and, often, "
dull", "
foolish", "
stupid", etc.
When paired with "
mindful of" it appears to have a meaning closer to "
not mindful of" and that is what, in that context, makes one "
foolish".
23. Matthew 7:26
KJV: And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built his house upon the sand:
Greek: και πας ο ακουων μου τους λογους τουτους και μη ποιων αυτους ομοιωθησεται ανδρι μωρω οστις ωκοδομησεν αυτου την οικιαν αυτου επι την αμμον
24. Strongs - foolish
- *G3474 *12 μωρός (mo-ros') : probably from the base of G3466; dull or stupid (as if shut up), i.e. heedless, (morally) blockhead, (apparently) absurd:--fool(-ish, X -ishness).
- μωραι *3
- Matthew 25:2 ... wise, and five were foolish.
- Matthew 25:3 They that were foolish took their lamps, and took ...
- Matthew 25:8 And the foolish said unto the wise, Give us ...
- μωροι *2
- Matthew 23:17 Ye fools and blind: for whether is ...
- 1 Corinthians 4:10 We are fools for Christ's sake, but ye ...
- μωρας *2
- 2 Timothy 2:23 But foolish and unlearned questions avoid, ...
- Titus 3:9 But avoid foolish questions, and genealogies, ...
- μωρε
- Matthew 5:22 ... but whosoever shall say, Thou fool, shall be in danger of ...
- μωρω
- Matthew 7:26 ... not, shall be likened unto a foolish man, which built ...
- μωρον
- 1 Corinthians 1:25 Because the foolishness of God is wiser than men; ...
- μωρα
- 1 Corinthians 1:27 But God hath chosen the foolish things of the world to confound ...
- μωρος
- 1 Corinthians 3:18 ... this world, let him become a fool, that he may be wise.
25. Usage - foolish
*G3474 *12 μωρός (mo-ros') : probably from the base of G3466; dull or stupid (as if shut up), i.e. heedless, (morally) blockhead, (apparently) absurd:--fool(-ish, X -ishness).
 |
Words: μωρα μωραι=3 μωρας=2 μωρε μωροι=2 μωρον μωρος μωρω
|
26. Matthew 7 Houses built on sand and on rock
27. Matthew 10:16 Wise as serpents
Matthew 10:16 Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves. [kjv]
ιδου εγω αποστελλω υμας ως προβατα εν μεσω λυκων γινεσθε ουν φρονιμοι ως οι οφεις και ακεραιοι ως αι περιστεραι [gnt]
The "
wise" as serpents uses the Greek word for "
mindful of" as in "
prudent". The English word "
wary" fits well here as serpents, like many predators, are wary about getting injured but looking for any opportunity for a successful strike.
28. Matthew 10:16
KJV: Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves.
Greek: ιδου εγω αποστελλω υμας ως προβατα εν μεσω λυκων γινεσθε ουν φρονιμοι ως οι οφεις και ακεραιοι ως αι περιστεραι
29. An unworldly thorny issue that is for the pigeon birds
Matthew 10:16 Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves. [kjv]
ιδου εγω αποστελλω υμας ως προβατα εν μεσω λυκων γινεσθε ουν φρονιμοι ως οι οφεις και ακεραιοι ως αι περιστεραι [gnt]
… oves … luporum … prudentes … serpentes … simplices … columbae [v]
"φρόνιμα" ≈ "prudent" is translated as "wise".
"ακέραιοι" ≈ "without antennas, without horns" is translated as "harmless".
"περίστεροι" ≈ "pigeon, dove". The English has two words for the same bird.
The Latin word
"simplices" ≈ "simple, pure" is the plural of the Latin word
"simplex" ≈ "single, simple, pure" which appears to have influenced the Wycliffe the Middle English word
"symple" ≈ "simple".
What does it mean to be "
harmless" or "
simple" (as translated in some other verses)? The Greek word literally means "
horn-less" where the "
horn" is elsewhere translated as "
tittle" and which can be related to the Hebrew/Aramaic "
qots" as "
thorn". Jesus describes the "
thorns" of this world as cares and concerns and riches. Might the "
harmless as doves" mean "
not worldly as doves" where "
dove" and "
pigeon" are the same bird?
30. Matthew 16:23
Matthew 16:23 But he turned, and said unto Peter, Get thee behind me, Satan: thou art an offence unto me: for thou savourest not the things that be of God, but those that be of men. [kjv]
ο δε στραφεις ειπεν τω πετρω υπαγε οπισω μου σατανα σκανδαλον ει εμου οτι ου φρονεις τα του θεου αλλα τα των ανθρωπων [gnt]
In this verse the
KJV uses "
savourest". Does the meaning change if "
are mindful of" is substituted?
31. Matthew 16:23
KJV: But he turned, and said unto Peter, Get thee behind me, Satan: thou art an offence unto me: for thou savourest not the things that be of God, but those that be of men.
Greek: ο δε στραφεις ειπεν τω πετρω υπαγε οπισω μου σατανα σκανδαλον μου ει εμου οτι ου φρονεις τα του θεου αλλα τα των ανθρωπων
32. Strongs - be mindful of
- *G5426 *27 φρονέω (fron-eh'-o) : from G5424; to exercise the mind, i.e. entertain or have a sentiment or opinion; by implication, to be (mentally) disposed (more or less earnestly in a certain direction); intensively, to interest oneself in (with concern or obedience):--set the affection on, (be) care(-ful), (be like-, + be of one, + be of the same, + let this) mind(-ed), regard, savour, think.
- φρονειν *7
- Romans 12:3 ... than he ought to think; but to think soberly, according as ...
- Romans 15:5 ... consolation grant you to be likeminded one toward another according to ...
- Philippians 1:7 Even as it is meet for me to think this of you ...
- Philippians 4:2 ... and beseech Syntyche, that they be of the same mind in the Lord.
- Philippians 4:10 ... now at the last your care of me hath flourished again; where in ye were also careful, ...
- 1 Timothy 6:17 Charge them that are rich in this world, that they be ...
- φρονουντες *4
- Romans 12:16 Be of the same mind one toward another. ...
- Philippians 2:2 ... joy, that ye be like minded, having the ...
- Philippians 3:19 ... their shame, who mind earthly things.)
- φρονειτε *4
- 2 Corinthians 13:11 ... Be perfect, be of good comfort, be of one mind, live in peace; and ...
- Philippians 2:5 Let this mind be in you, which was ...
- Philippians 3:15 Let us therefore, as many as be perfect, be thus minded: and if in any thing ...
- Colossians 3:2 Set your affection on things above, not on things on the earth.
- φρονεις *3
- Matthew 16:23 ... an offence unto me: for thou savourest not the things that be of God, ...
- Mark 8:33 ... me, Satan: for thou savourest not the things that be of God, ...
- Acts 28:22 ... of thee what thou thinkest: for as concerning ...
- φρονει *2
- Romans 11:20 Well; because of unbelief they were broken off, and thou standest ...
- Romans 14:6 He that regardeth the day, regardeth it unto the Lord; and he that regardeth ...
- φρονουσιν
- Romans 8:5 For they that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh; but ...
- φρονων
- Romans 14:6 He that regardeth the day, regardeth it unto the Lord; and he that regardeth ...
- εφρονουν
- 1 Corinthians 13:11 ... I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought ...
- φρονησετε
- Galatians 5:10 ... the Lord, that ye will be none otherwise minded: but he that ...
- φρονητε
- Philippians 2:2 ... joy, that ye be like minded, having the ...
- φρονωμεν
- Philippians 3:15 Let us therefore, as many as be perfect, be thus minded: and if in any thing ...
- εφρονειτε
- Philippians 4:10 ... now at the last your care of me hath flourished again; where in ye were also careful, ...
33. Usage - be mindful of
*G5426 *27 φρονέω (fron-eh'-o) : from G5424; to exercise the mind, i.e. entertain or have a sentiment or opinion; by implication, to be (mentally) disposed (more or less earnestly in a certain direction); intensively, to interest oneself in (with concern or obedience):--set the affection on, (be) care(-ful), (be like-, + be of one, + be of the same, + let this) mind(-ed), regard, savour, think.
 |
Words: εφρονειτε εφρονουν φρονει=2 φρονειν=7 φρονεις=3 φρονειτε=4 φρονησετε φρονητε φρονουντες=4 φρονουσιν φρονωμεν φρονων
|
34. Matthew 24:45 Servants and lords
Matthew 24:45 Who then is a faithful and wise servant, whom his lord hath made ruler over his household, to give them meat in due season? [kjv]
τις αρα εστιν ο πιστος δουλος και φρονιμος ον κατεστησεν ο κυριος επι της οικετειας αυτου του δουναι αυτοις την τροφην εν καιρω [gnt]
A faithful and "
wise" or "
mindful" servant (employee,, etc.) is one who keeps in mind the cares and concerns of his lord (boss, etc.).
35. Matthew 24:45
KJV: Who then is a faithful and wise servant, whom his lord hath made ruler over his household, to give them meat in due season?
Greek: τις αρα εστιν ο πιστος δουλος και φρονιμος ον κατεστησεν ο κυριος αυτου επι της θεραπειας οικετειας αυτου του διδοναι δουναι αυτοις την τροφην εν καιρω
36. Matthew 25:2,4 Ten virgins
Matthew 25:2 And five of them were wise, and five were foolish. [kjv]
πεντε δε εξ αυτων ιμοι ησαν μωραι και πεντε φρονιμοι [gnt]
25:4 But the wise took oil in their vessels with their lamps. [kjv]
αι δε φρονιμοι ελαβον ελαιον εν τοις αγγειοις μετα των λαμπαδων εαυτων [gnt]
In the parable of the virgins, five are "
wise" or "
mindful" and five are "
foolish" or "
not mindful" of what is important.
Notice that not all Greek versions have the same order which is reflected in the respective translations.
37. Matthew 25:2
KJV: And five of them were wise, and five were foolish.
Greek: πεντε δε ησαν εξ αυτων φρον ιμοι ησαν μωραι και αι πεντε μωραι φρονιμοι
Latin: quinque autem ex eis erant fatuae et quinque prudentes
Spanish: Y cinco de ellas eran prudentes, y cinco insensatas.
Portuguese: Ora, cinco delas eram insensatas e cinco prudentes.
38. Matthew 25:4
KJV: But the wise took oil in their vessels with their lamps.
Greek: αι δε φρονιμοι ελαβον ελαιον εν τοις αγγειοις αυτων μετα των λαμπαδων αυτων εαυτων
Latin: prudentes vero acceperunt oleum in vasis suis cum lampadibus
Wessex: Ða gleawe namen ele on heora leoht-faten.
Wycliffe: but the prudent token oile in her vessels with the laumpis.
Tyndale: But ye wyse tooke oyle wt the in their vesselles wt their lampes also.
Luther: Die klugen aber nahmen Öl in ihren Gefäßen samt ihren Lampen.
Spanish: Mas las prudentes tomaron aceite en sus vasos, juntamente con sus lámparas.
Portuguese: enquanto as prudentes, com as suas candeias, levaram azeite nas almotolias.
39. Matthew 25:8-9
Matthew 25:8 And the foolish said unto the wise, Give us of your oil; for our lamps are gone out. [kjv]
αι δε μωραι ταις φρονιμοις ειπαν δοτε ημιν εκ του ελαιου υμων οτι αι λαμπαδες ημων σβεννυνται [gnt]
25:9 But the wise answered, saying, Not so; lest there be not enough for us and you: but go ye rather to them that sell, and buy for yourselves. [kjv]
απεκριθησαν δε αι φρονιμοι λεγουσαι μηποτε ου μη αρκεση ημιν και υμιν πορευεσθε μαλλον προς τους πωλουντας και αγορασατε εαυταις [gnt]
40. Matthew 25:8
KJV: And the foolish said unto the wise, Give us of your oil; for our lamps are gone out.
Greek: αι δε μωραι ταις φρονιμοις ειπον ειπαν δοτε ημιν εκ του ελαιου υμων οτι αι λαμπαδες ημων σβεννυνται
Latin: fatuae autem sapientibus dixerunt date nobis de oleo vestro quia lampades nostrae extinguntur
Wessex: Ða cwaeðen þa dysige. to þan wisan. Selleð us of eowre ele. for-þan ure leoht-faten senden äcwencte.
Wycliffe: And the foolis seiden to the wise, Yyue ye to vs of youre oile, for oure laumpis ben quenchid.
Tyndale: And ye folysshe sayde to ye wyse: geve vs of youre oyle for our lampes goo out?
Spanish: Y las insensatas dijeron a las prudentes: Dadnos de vuestro aceite; porque nuestras lámparas se apagan.
Portuguese: As insensatas disseram às prudentes: 'Dai-nos do vosso azeite, porque as nossas candeias estão a apagar-se. '
41. Matthew 25:9
KJV: But the wise answered, saying, Not so; lest there be not enough for us and you: but go ye rather to them that sell, and buy for yourselves.
Greek: απεκριθησαν δε αι φρονιμοι λεγουσαι μηποτε ουκ ου μη αρκεση ημιν και υμιν πορευεσθε δε μαλλον προς τους πωλουντας και αγορασατε εαυταις
Latin: responderunt prudentes dicentes ne forte non sufficiat nobis et vobis ite potius ad vendentes et emite vobis
Wessex: Þa andsweredan þa wise. & cwaeðen. nese þe laes þe we & ge nabben ge-noh. Gað to þam chepinge. & beggeð eow ele.
Wycliffe: The prudent answeriden, and seiden, Lest perauenture it suffice not to vs and to you, go ye rather to men that sellen, and bie to you.
Tyndale: but ye wyse answered sayinge. Not so lest ther be not ynough for vs and you: but goo rather to them yt sell and by for youre selves.
Luther: Da antworteten die klugen und sprachen: Nicht also, auf daß nicht uns und euch gebreche. Gehet aber hin zu den Krämern und kaufet für euch selbst!
Spanish: Mas las prudentes respondieron, diciendo: No; no sea que no haya suficiente para nosotras y vosotras, id más bien a los que venden, y comprad para vosotras.
Portuguese: Mas as prudentes responderam: 'Não, talvez não chegue para nós e para vós. Ide, antes, aos vendedores e comprai-o. '
42. End of page
Here are some links to a series of pages on the houses built on sand and on rock.
