- *G3789 *14 ὄφις (of'-is) : probably from G3700 (through the idea of sharpness of vision); a snake, figuratively, (as a type of sly cunning) an artful malicious person, especially Satan:--serpent.
- οφις *4
- 2 Corinthians 11:3 But I fear, lest by any means, as the serpent beguiled Eve through ...
- Revelation 12:9 ... dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and ...
- Revelation 12:15 And the serpent cast out of his mouth ...
- Revelation 20:2 And he laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, which is the Devil, ...
- οφιν *3
- Matthew 7:10 ... a fish, will he give him a serpent?
- Luke 11:11 ... a fish give him a serpent?
- John 3:14 And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so ...
- οφεις *3
- Matthew 10:16 ... therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves.
- Matthew 23:33 Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of hell?
- Mark 16:18 They shall take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing, ...
- οφεων *2
- Luke 10:19 ... power to tread on serpents and scorpions, and ...
- 1 Corinthians 10:9 ... tempted, and were destroyed of serpents.
- οφεσιν
- Revelation 9:19 ... their tails were like unto serpents, and had heads, and ...
- οφεως
- Revelation 12:14 ... a time, from the face of the serpent.
Revelation 9:19 For their power is in their mouth, and in their tails: for their tails were like unto serpents, and had heads, and with them they do hurt. [kjv]
η γαρ εξουσια των ιππων εν τω στοματι αυτων εστιν καιεν ταις ουραις αυτων αι γαρ ουραι αυτων ομοιαι οφεσιν εχουσαι κεφαλας και εν αυταις αδικουσιν [gnt]
A play on words can be made with "
remission" or "
forgiveness" and
"snakes" or
"serpents" in Revelation.
Can a false or misguided belief relate to confusing
"snake" induced behavior with true
"forgiveness" or
"letting go"? That is, the bite and sting of the
"snake" paralyzes the victim to not be able to "
walk" in "
righteousness" but, instead, be
"snake" food the fill the "
belly" of the
"snake" (or "
earth").
Would a
"snake" ever be found in the "
belly" or "
abyss" of the "
earth"?
- "αφεσιν" ≈ "remission, forgiveness".
- "οφισιν" ≈ "snakes, serpents" and used in this exact form one time, in Revelation.
4. Puzzles
This crossword puzzle has no list of clues.
The words are the books of the Bible, without numbers, and without spaces.
So John, 1 John, 2 John and 3 John appear
once, as John.
It was discovered that some book names can appear in more than one place (i.e., switched). These can now be identified programatically.
This crossword puzzle has the following words.
| zero |
five |
ten |
| one |
six |
eleven |
| two |
seven |
twelve |
| three |
eight |
|
| four |
nine |
|
Given a list of words (and definitions) and a starting point on a board, a straight-forward
depth-first crossword puzzle algorithm uses some
structural inductions to prove (reason) that certain conditions need not be checked (e.g., when removing a word from a given position on the board).
This word find puzzle has the following words.
| zero |
five |
ten |
| one |
six |
eleven |
| two |
seven |
twelve |
| three |
eight |
|
| four |
nine |
|
A word find puzzle has a grid of letters and a list of words to find in the letters. These words can often be backwards (right to left, bottom to top), diagonal (left to right), backwards diagonal (right to left), etc.
Note: This word find puzzle type is being developed.
5. 2025-04-17
In his book
Fabricating Jesus, author Craig Evans
assumes the sets for "
Liar, lunatic or Lord" are
mutually exclusive and calls it an
excluded middle fallacy. In a logical analysis, one should
not jump to that conclusion until further in the general analysis.
He then presents his view (opinion) that "
Lord" is
not a viable alternative and presents his opinion on other alternatives outside of the domain of "
Liar, lunatic or Lord".
I can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me. [kjv]
παντα ισχυω εν τω ενδυναμουντι με [gnt]
omnia possum … confortat [v]
Can one really do "
all things"? There are many changes from the Greek.
- The word "Christ" is inferred from the pronoun "Him" as «τω».
- The Greek "in" is changed to "through".
- The Greek "am made strong", is changed to "can do".
- The Greek "all" with implied "these things" (i.e., in the previous verse) is changed to "all things".
- The Greek "potential to do" is changed to "strengtheneth".
Greek paraphrase:
In all these things (just mentioned), I am given potential (to accomplish) in Him.
It appears that Paul is saying that he is made "
stronger" or "
better" in "
everything" through Jesus Christ. This would include the adversity of neglect (from Phillipi) whereby he needed to be self-sufficient to continue the work of Christ.
A commonly heard statement on the nightly news is something to the effect that, "
Stocks went up amid rumors that ...". People like to have reasons why things happened even if those reasons are not true.
Is there a causal relationship between stocks going up and some other event? Maybe. Maybe not.
Variations in the stock market are often better explained as the result of
statistical fluctuation and not of
causal relationships.
- Bear market: downturn
- Bull market: upturn
Both words are four letters and start with "
B".
The
Bulls and Bears: The great Wall St. Game was a board game from 1883.
The terms "
bear" and "
bull" in regards to economic trends appears to have started in the 1700's in London
Exchange Alley in terms of trading (e.g., bear skins, etc.).
- The "bears" short-sold bear skins before catching the bear.
- The "bulls" bought shares on credit.
Both terms were recorded in Thomas Mortimer's 1761 book
Every man his own broker.
- "Bulls" who bought on credit would go looking for buyers.
- "Bears" sought shares to close their short positions.
More information is on Wikipedia under
Market Trend.
- Jesus: Table for 26 please.
- Waiter: But there are only 13 of you.
- Jesus: Yes, but we are all going to sit on the same side.
Note: The Greek uses the word for "
reclined" rather than "
sit" as in at a "
table".
6. 2025-04-03
English: Understand, therefore, children of joy, that the good Lord has revealed everything to us beforehand, so that we might know whom we ought to praise when giving thanks for all things. (Holmes, p. 401)
Greek: [Επεξεργασία] Οὐκοῦν νοεῖτε τέκνα εὐφροσύνης, ὅτι πάντα ὁ καλὸς κύριος προεφανέρωσεν ἡμῶν, ἵνα γνῶμεν, ᾧ κατὰ πάντα εὐχαριστοῦντες ὀφείλομεν αἰνεῖν. [Epistle of Barnabas: 7.1160]
What has been revealed beforehand?
In Hebrew, the names
"Jesus" and
"Joshua" are the same. Some today will argue for a difference in the Hebrew names. In the first century,
Barnabas considered those names the same.
English: Again, what does Moses say to "Jesus" the son of Nun when he gave him this name, since he was a prophet, for the sole purpose that all the people might hear that the Father was revealing everything about his Son Jesus. (Holmes, 2007, p. 421)
Greek: τί λέγει πάλιν Μωϋσῆς Ἰησοῦ, υἱῷ Ναυή, ἐπιθεὶς αὐτῳ τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα, ὄντι προφήτῃ, ἵνα μόνον ἀκούσῃ πᾶς ὁ λαός; ὅτι πάντα ὁ πατὴρ φανεροῖ περὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ Ἰησοῦ. Epistle of Barnabas [12:8]
If the names were
not the same, you would think that someone would have told Barnabas this whenever he mentioned it.
English: Moses said to "Jesus" the son of Nun when he gave him this name, as he sent him to spy out the land, "Take a book in your hands and write what the Lord says, that in the last days the Son of God will cot off by its roots all the house of Amalek". (Holmes, 2007, p. 421)
Greek: λέγει οὖν Μωϋσῆς Ἰησοῦ, υἱῷ Ναυή, ἐπιθεὶς τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα, ὁπότε ἔπεμψεν αὐτὸν κατάσκοπον τῆς γῆς· Λαβε βιβλίον εἰς τὰς χεῖράς σου καὶ γράψον, ἃ λέγει κύριος, ὅτι ἐκκόψει ἐκ ῥιζῶν τὸν οἶκον πάντα τοῦ Ἀμαλὴκ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ἐπ’ ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν. Epistle of Barnabas [12:9]
The ancient Greek word
"Ἰησοῦς" ≈ "Jesus, Jeshua, Yeshua, Joshua" and which came from the Hebrew for
"Joshua"
Simon Bar Jonah means Simon son of Jonah. Did Joshua of son of Nun have any parents?
Exodus 17:13 And Joshua discomfited Amalek and his people with the edge of the sword. [kjv]
… יהושע … [he]
και ετρεψατο ιησους τον αμαληκ και παντα τον λαον αυτου εν φονω μαχαιρας [lxx]
17:14 And the LORD said unto Moses, Write this for a memorial in a book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua: for I will utterly put out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven. [kjv]
… יהושע … [he]
ειπεν δε κυριος προς μωυσην καταγραψον τουτο εις μνημοσυνον εν βιβλιω και δος εις τα ωτα ιησοι οτι αλοιφη εξαλειψω το μνημοσυνον αμαληκ εκ της υπο τον ουρανον [lxx]
17:16 For he said, Because the LORD hath sworn that the LORD will have war with Amalek from generation to generation. [kjv]
οτι εν χειρι κρυφαια πολεμει κυριος επι αμαληκ απο γενεων εις γενεας [lxx]
For with a secret hand the Lord wages war upon Amalec to all generations. [bs3]
Steganography is the use of hidden messages as a secret code. An observer may not even know that a secret code is being used. [Hebrew remez]
Play on words only need to be close to be recognized. And one does not need to follow grammar or spelling or even letter rules.
How might one encode a message in a license plate number consisting of upper case letters and digits?
Consider what a driver might see looking in the mirror (where a license plate is on the front of the car).
Matthew 26:18 And he said, Go into the city to such a man, and say unto him, The Master saith, My time is at hand; I will keep the passover at thy house with my disciples. [kjv]
ο δε ειπεν υπαγετε εις την πολιν προς τον δεινα και ειπατε αυτω ο διδασκαλος λεγει ο καιρος μου εγγυς εστιν προς σε ποιω το πασχα μετα των μαθητων μου [gnt]
Jesus provides a
pass-code with which to send a message.
- The ancient Greek word "ἐγγύς" ≈ "near" which literally means "in the hand".
- The ancient Greek word "καιρός" ≈ "measure, period of time, season".
- The ancient Greek word "χειρός" ≈ "hand".
A
pass-code is a
code (i.e., word) that is to be known to some and hidden from others. As such, a
pass-code is one way to authenticate a person, message, etc.
MY PA55W0RD IS S3CUR3
How do you get the system to tell you your password when you have forgotten it?
Set your password to "incorrect".
I told everyone that my password was the last eight digits of pi.
IT found out and said I would be in violation of policy if I did not have and upper and lower case letter and a special symbol.
And he said, Go into the city to such a man, and say unto him, The Master saith, My time is at hand; I will keep the passover at thy house with my disciples. [kjv]
ο δε ειπεν υπαγετε εις την πολιν προς τον δεινα και ειπατε αυτω ο διδασκαλος λεγει ο καιρος μου εγγυς εστιν προς σε ποιω το πασχα μετα των μαθητων μου [gnt]
When Jesus gives a "
pass-code" there appears to be a play on words based on the
hard "κ" ("
k") sound and the
guttural "χ" sound.
- Jesus: ... my time is at hand ...
- Play on words: ... my hand is in the hand ...
Blessed is he that readeth, and they that hear the words of this prophecy, and keep those things which are written therein: for the time is at hand. [kjv]
μακαριος ο αναγινωσκων και οι ακουοντες τους λογους της προφητειας και τηρουντες τα εν αυτη γεγραμμενα ο γαρ καιρος εγγυς [gnt]
The
ancient Greek word
"καιρός" ≈ "measure, period of time, season" and had a connotation of being the right moment, the critical moment, the opportune moment, etc. What constitutes the
"time" or
"season" and
"near" is
not specified.
The
same modern Greek word
"καιρός" (keh-ROS) ≈ "weather, time, events" as in
"from time to time".
The ancient Greek word
"μακάριος" ≈ "happy, content" but is often translated as
"blessed".
7. 2025-03-27
The name
TR = Textus Receptus means "
received text" and sometimes called the "
majority text" (a misnomer). This was originally compiled by the Dutchman Desiderius Erasmus in 1516 and used for the basis of translations such as the
KJV = King James Version.
Tyndale used this Greek translation as the basis for his translation. Other translations include the Spanish "
Reina-Valera" and the Russian "
Synodal Bible". In some places, lacking complete Greek manuscripts, Erasmus used the Latin Vulgate to back-translate (i.e., fabricating) some of the
TR.
Starting in 1894, Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener (and later others) began to modify the
TR to make it more in line with the
KJV.
 |
Details are left as a future topic.
|
The
TR often adds or changes (or removes) words that break a model of the underlying passage. Detecting this requires recognizing that a model exists and then how that model is broken with the changes.
Recognizing models or patterns help establish the semantic meaning of the passage in a fault-tolerant error-correcting way such that changes to the text that break the model or pattern become more evident.
This content is a start at consolidating some examples of this model-breaking in the
GNT.
- NA28, Nestle-Aland 28 (Novum Testamentum Graece) to NIV (converse error)
- TR to KJV (and back, so appears to match since TR often changed to match KJV)
- Byzantine has a few differences to NA28
... more to be added ...
The English word
"etiology" or
"aetiology" is the study of
causation or
origin of diseases, words, etc.
The word comes from the ancient Greek word
"αἰτιολογία" ≈ "cause reasoning" and comes from two Greek words.
- "αίτια" ≈ "cause, reason".
- "λογία" ≈ "reasoning, study of".
In linguistics, the word "
etymon" is often used whereas a more common word is "
root". A more common name for
"cognate" is
"sibling" or
"related".
Folk etymologies may or may not be linguistically accurate.
Words such as desire, which required a context, have, over time in English, narrowed in meaning. This narrowed meaning can lead to inferring meanings today that were not in the original text.
Sentiment analysis attempts to determine if textual comments are
positive,
negative, or
neutral - or some other semantic grouping. This is difficult in the following examples.
- That pizza was terribly good.
- That pizza was awfully bad.
Bible translations that attempt to use common language can go out of date as the meaning of words change.
- Example: ... and David slept with his fathers ...
Discuss: How does one determine if textual (or spoken) comments are "
blasphemy"?
Only those who understand that teaching is
false teaching get
upset at
false teaching. To others, the
false teaching sounds like
true teaching. Those in the congregation may tell a visitor something like, "
Our pastor teaches right from the Bible. Isn't he good?"
[Matthew 18, into]
- Title: Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics
- Author: William Lane Craig
- Publisher: Crossway; 3rd edition (June 9, 2008)
- ISBN: 978-1433501159
Description:
His approach-that of positive apologetics-gives careful attention to crucial questions and concerns, including: the relationship of faith and reason, the existence of God, the problems of historical knowledge and miracles, the personal claims of Christ, and the historicity of the resurrection of Jesus. He shows that there is good reason to think Christianity is true. As Craig says, "If you have a sound and persuasive case for Christianity, you don't have to become an expert in comparative religions and Christian cults. A positive justification of the Christian faith automatically overwhelms all competing world views lacking an equally strong case." Amazon.com (as of 2025-03-13)
There are (at least) two parts to a more complete identification of truth.
- 1. There is a creator God (outside of time and space as we know it). This book attempts to address this in a hand-waving and imprecise manner. The information argument is much more brief and precise and simple. The ID (Intelligent Design) movement is limited to this part of the problem.
- 2. The creator God could send us a message. How do we recognize this message and know that this message is the true message from the creator God? The Bible is the leading candidate for this message, but there are others.
Part 1 requires coded information theory and a simple reality binding to
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid), amino acids, or something similar.
Part 2 requires linguistic study, valid logical analysis, etc., and is much more involved and difficult.
Through chapter 3 (as of 2025-03-24), part 2 has not been mentioned nor addressed.
Error detection and correction requires controlled
redundancy.
Discuss: How does
Hebrew use
redundancy to allow error detection and correction? For example, in Psalms, Proverbs, etc. [sound bites]
Discuss: How does
Jesus use
redundancy to allow error detection and correction? For example, Matthew 15, Matthew 18, etc.
[
TR, model breaking]
If the bit in error is known, a single-bit error can be corrected.
Fault tolerance detection and correction at the bit level can be extended to a collection of drives each with a huge number bits.
Even parity will detect a one bit error and allow correction if the bit in error can be identified (e.g., a
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)).
An
ECC (Error Correcting Code) is customized for the physical reality in which it will be used.
- The human DNA code has many fault-tolerant and error correcting properties.
- Human communication incorporates many fault-tolerant and error correcting properties.
Discuss: Why does the Bible text need to be viewed as a logical system that needs to be accurate or invariant in every aspect of the text in order for the underlying message to be clear?
[spell checker, backup system]
[teachers saying the same thing in different ways]
8. 2025-03-26
A
euphemism, from the Greek, is a term that is a nicer way of saying something.
- The modern Greek word "ευφημισμός" (ev-fee-mee-SMOS) ≈ "euphemism" is a loan word back into Greek.
- The ancient Greek word "εύφημα" (EV-fee-ma) ≈ "good report" and today, in modern Greek, means "euphemism".
The word "
euphemism" comes from two Greek words.
- The Greek prefix/word "ευ" (ev) ≈ "good".
- The ancient Greek word "φήμη" (FEE-mee) ≈ "rumor, reputation" (as in news) and is the source of the English word "fame" which the meaning of the modern Greek word. This is also the suffix of the Greek word meaning "blasphemy".
2 Corinthians 6:8 By honour and dishonour, by evil report and good report: as deceivers, and yet true; [kjv]
δια δοξης και ατιμιας δια δυσφημιας και ευφημιας ως πλανοι και αληθεις [gnt]
In 2 Corinthians 6:8, Paul uses both the prefix "
dis" for "
bad" and "
eu" for "
good" in terms of "
fame" or "
news" or "
report".
The Greek for "
honor" is that of "
opinion" and often translated as "
glory". The Greek for "
dishonor" is that of "
not honor" or "
not valued".
The Greek for "
deceivers" is that of "
wandering astray" as in a "
planet".
The wheat and the weeds or tares spring up in the second kingdom parable.
13:26 But when the blade was sprung up, and brought forth fruit, then appeared the tares also. [kjv]
οτε δε εβλαστησεν ο χορτος και καρπον εποιησεν τοτε εφανη και τα ζιζανια [gnt]
The Greek word for
"sprung up" or
"sprouted" can be a play on words with
"spoken blasphemy".
- "βλαστός" ≈ "sprout, shoot, bud, offspring".
- "εβλαστήσεν" ≈ "sprouted, sprung up".
- "βλασφημία" ≈ "word of evil omen, defamation, speech against God"
The "
weeds" or "
tares" who
"blaspheme" are
"planted" by the "
evil one" or, from the previous parable, the
"birds".
26:65 Then the high priest rent his clothes, saying, He hath spoken blasphemy; what further need have we of witnesses? behold, now ye have heard his blasphemy. [kjv]
τοτε ο αρχιερευς διερρηξεν τα ιματια αυτου λεγων εβλασφημησεν τι ετι χρειαν εχομεν μαρτυρων ιδε νυν ηκουσατε την βλασφημιαν [gnt]
Clothing was
expensive.
Sometimes the high priest sometimes had to
rent his
"clothes". In modern times, the idea of "
renting" clothes would be similar to someone (e.g., a coach mad at a call) throwing down his cell phone.
Deciding whether to call someone to rent clothes might be considered a close call!
9. 2025-03-21
Claude Shannon (noisy-channel coding theorem) founded the field of information theory and interested in the
statistical properties of preserving message integrity. He worked for Bell Labs and the phone company wanted ways to send messages with minimal distortion or loss of the original signal.
His master's thesis in 1939 was on how to build a working computer - none had been built before. Turing did related theoretical work in 1936.
During World War II, Claude Shannon worked on message encryption and developed a secure device (using
OTP (One Time Pad) encryption) to allow Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill to talk to each other. One requirement was that they not sound like Micky Mouse (or Donald Duck, etc).
Now that the field of information theory, and the information age, is maturing, it has become clear that Aristotle and John the Apostle both had ways of thinking that are in line with the thinking and problem solving of (many) modern computer scientists.
Digital communication uses
bits as
1 (
true) and
0 (
false) or, for example,
"yes" and
"no".
5:37 But let your communication be, Yea, yea; Nay, nay: for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil. [kjv]
The verse Matthew 5:37 was used on presentation slides by the founder of modern information theory, Claude Shannon, as he presented his new theory of information to interested groups.
Source: Gleick's book
The Information: A history, a theory, a flood.
19:29 And every one that hath forsaken houses, or brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands, for my name's sake, shall receive an hundredfold, and shall inherit everlasting life. [kjv]
και πας οστις αφηκεν οικιας η αδελφους η αδελφας η πατερα η μητερα η τεκνα η αγρους ενεκεν του εμου ονοματος πολλαπλασιονα λημψεται και ζωην αιωνιον κληρονομησει [gnt]
A
logical disjunction is an
inclusive "or" that is
true if any or all of the arguments are
true. A
natural language disjunction is an
exclusive "or" and expects only one argument to be
true.
- The TR adds "or" "wife" which appears to break the model. What about a "wife" leaving her "husband"?
- Does this only apply to these "twelve" "disciples" who will become known as the "apostles"? What about Judas?
It appears that there are so many criteria in this disjunction that it is vacuously (i.e., almost certainly) true.
The English word
"commode" is from the French word
"commode" ≈ "convenient" and was used for a chest of drawers, a wash bowl stand, chamber pot, etc.
This French word usage dates from the 1600's and comes from the Latin word
"commodus" ≈ "suitable, comfortable, convenient" which comes from two Latin words.
- "com" ≈ "with" as in "compond", "condo" (put together), etc.
- "modus" ≈ "measure, bound, limit, manner" and is the source of the English word "mode" in statistics as a type of measure.
It appears to be a
folk etymology that the Roman Emperor Commodus (161-192), whose name comes from the Latin word
"commodus" ≈ "suitable, comfortable, convenient" is the source of the English word
"commode" as a bathroom fixture.
5:43 Ye have heard that it hath been said, Thou shalt love thy neighbour, and hate thine enemy. [kjv]
ηκουσατε οτι ερρεθη αγαπησεις τον πλησιον σου και μισησεις τον εχθρον σου [gnt]
5:46 For if ye love them which love you, what reward have ye? do not even the publicans the same? [kjv]
εαν γαρ αγαπησητε τους αγαπωντας υμας τινα μισθον εχετε ουχι και οι τελωναι το αυτο ποιουσιν [gnt]
The Greek word for
"reward" can be, in context, a play on words with the Greek word for
"hate" or
"hatred".
- ... what reward have you ...
- ... what hate have you ...
10:33 But whosoever shall deny me before men, him will I also deny before my Father which is in heaven. [kjv]
οστις δε δ αν αρνησηται με εμπροσθεν των ανθρωπων αρνησομαι καγω αυτον εμπροσθεν του πατρος μου του εν τοις ουρανοις [gnt]
Matthew 26:28 For this is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins. [kjv]
τουτο γαρ εστιν το αιμα μου της διαθηκης το περι πολλων εκχυννομενον εις αφεσιν αμαρτιων [gnt]
For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light. [kjv]
ο γαρ ζυγος μου χρηστος και το φορτιον μου ελαφρον εστιν [gnt]
1:16 And Jacob begat Joseph the husband of Mary, of whom was born Jesus, who is called Christ. [kjv]
ιακωβ δε εγεννησεν τον ιωσηφ τον ανδρα μαριας εξ ης εγεννηθη ιησους ο λεγομενος χριστος [gnt]
The Greek word for "reward" can be, in context, a play on words with the Greek word for "hate" or "hatred".
5:47 And if ye salute your brethren only, what do ye more than others? do not even the publicans so? [kjv]
και εαν ασπασησθε τους αδελφους υμων μονον τι περισσον ποιειτε ουχι και οι εθνικοι τοαυτο ποιουσιν [gnt]
1 Thessalonians 5:16 Rejoice evermore. [kjv]
παντοτε χαιρετε [gnt]
5:17 Pray without ceasing. [kjv]
αδιαλειπτως προσευχεσθε [gnt]
5:48 Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect. [kjv]
εσεσθε ουν υμεις τελειοι ως ο πατηρ υμων ο ουρανιος τελειος εστιν [gnt]
The ancient Greek word "αἰτία" ≈ "cause, reason". Aristotle often used this word as "explanation". Each "cause" is a "why" question. These are briefly summarized here using the Aristotle's example of a "table". The more formal Latin and the less formal English words describing the Greek words are provided.
Revelation 1:16 And he had in his right hand seven stars: and out of his mouth went a sharp twoedged sword: and his countenance was as the sun shineth in his strength. [kjv]
και εχων εν τη δεξια χειρι αυτου αστερας επτα και εκ του στοματος αυτου ρομφαια διστομος οξεια εκπορευομενη και η οψις αυτου ως ο ηλιος φαινει εν τη δυναμει αυτου [gnt]
1:20 The mystery of the seven stars which thou sawest in my right hand, and the seven golden candlesticks. The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches: and the seven candlesticks which thou sawest are the seven churches. [kjv]
το μυστηριον των επτα αστερων ους ειδες επι της δεξιας μου και τας επτα λυχνιας τας χρυσας οι επτα αστερες αγγελοι των επτα εκκλησιων εισιν και αι λυχνιαι αι επτα επτα εκκλησιαι εισιν [gnt]
And the name of the star is called Wormwood: and the third part of the waters became wormwood; and many men died of the waters, because they were made bitter. [kjv]
και το ονομα του αστερος λεγεται ο αψινθος και εγενετο το τριτον των υδατων εις αψινθον και πολλοι των ανθρωπων απεθανον εκ των υδατων οτι επικρανθησαν [gnt]
… Absinthius … absinthium … [v]
